AHSEC Class 11 Political Science
Solved Question Paper 2023
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Full Marks: 80
Time: 3 hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions
PART-A
( Indian Constitution at Work )
1. Answer any six from the following : 1×6=6
(a) Who is the ex officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha?
Ans:- The Vice President of India is the ex officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
(b) Who is the Real Executive of India ?
Ans:- The real executive of India is the Prime Minister. The President is the nominal executive, but the real power lies with the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
(c) Mention one feature of the Fundamental Rights in India.
Ans:- One feature of the Fundamental Rights in India is the right to equality, which ensures that all citizens are treated equally before the law.
(d) When was the Indian Constitution adopted?
Ans:- The Indian Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949.
(e) The 42nd Amendment of the Indian Constitution was passed in the year______.
( Fill in the blank )
Ans:- The 42nd Amendment of the Indian Constitution was passed in the year 1976.
(f) In which case did the Supreme Court advance the theory of basic structure of the Constitution of India?
Ans:- The Supreme Court advanced the theory of the basic structure of the Constitution of India in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala in 1973.
(g) The Directive Principles of State Policy are justiciable.
( Write True of False )
Ans:- False. The Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution are not justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced by a court of law.
(h) Who presides over a Joint Session of the Parliament ?
Ans:- The Speaker of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) presides over a Joint Session of the Parliament.
(i) Which Article of the Indian Constitution describes the amendment procedure?
Ans:- Article 368 of the Indian Constitution describes the amendment procedure.
(j) Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly?
Ans:- Dr. Sachidanand Sinha was the first President of the Constituent Assembly of India.
2. Answer any six from the following questions : 2×6=12
(a) Mention two means of ensuring independence of the judiciary in India.
Ans:- Two means of ensuring independence of the judiciary in India are:
Security of tenure: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts cannot be removed from office except by an impeachment process.
Prohibition of practice after retirement: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are prohibited from practicing law after their retirement.
(b) Write two main points of the Objective Resolution.
Ans:- Two main points of the Objective Resolution are:
Sovereignty of the people: The people of India would have the sovereign power.
Social, economic and political justice: The state would strive to promote social, economic and political justice for all its citizens.
(c) Mention the name of the two States in India having bicameral legislature.
Ans:- The two States in India that have a bicameral legislature are:
(i) Uttar Pradesh: The State of Uttar Pradesh has a bicameral legislature consisting of two houses, namely the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and the Legislative Council (Vidhan
Parishad).
(ii) Bihar: The State of Bihar also has a bicameral legislature with the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad).
(d) Mention two provisions that India borrowed from the US Constitution.
Ans:- Two provisions that India borrowed from the US Constitution are:
(i) Fundamental Rights: The concept of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution draws inspiration from the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution. These rights ensure individual freedoms and protect citizens from arbitrary actions of the state.
(ii)Judicial Review: The power of judicial review, which allows the judiciary to review the constitutionality of laws and executive actions, is another provision borrowed from the US Constitution. It enables the Indian judiciary to strike down laws that violate the Constitution.
(e) What do you mean by Preventive Detention?
Ans:- Preventive detention is the detention of a person without trial for a specified period of time on the grounds that his/her detention is necessary to prevent him/her from acting in a manner prejudicial to the security of the state or the maintenance of public order.
(f) Why is India called a Republic?
Ans:- India is called a Republic because it is a form of government where the head of state is an elected or nominated president, rather than a hereditary monarch. In a republic, the president represents the country and is not a monarch with inherited authority. India adopted the republican form of government upon the promulgation of its Constitution in 1950, which established a President as the ceremonial head of state. [AHSEC Class 11 Political Science Solved Question Paper 2023]
(g) Write any two differences between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Ans:- Two differences between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy are:
Fundamental Rights are enforceable by the courts, while Directive Principles are not.
Fundamental Rights are absolute, while Directive Principles are flexible.
(h) Mention two federal features of the Indian Constitution.
Ans:- Two federal features of the Indian Constitution are:
(i)Dual polity: The Indian Constitution establishes a dual polity, where powers are divided between the central government and the state governments. Both levels of government have their respective spheres of authority and operate independently within their domains.
(ii)Written Constitution: The Indian Constitution is a written document that clearly delineates the powers and functions of the central and state governments. It provides for a division of powers and includes provisions for resolving disputes between the center and the states which is a characteristic feature of federal systems.
(i) What do you mean by Universal Adult Franchise?
Ans:- Universal Adult Franchise refers to the principle of granting every adult citizen the right to vote in elections, without any discrimination based on factors such as gender, caste, religion, or property ownership. It ensures that all individuals who have attained the age of majority have an equal opportunity to participate in the democratic process by exercising their voting rights. Universal Adult Franchise is a fundamental principle of democratic governance.
(j) Mention two functions of the Municipal Board of Assam.
Ans:- Two functions of the Municipal Board of Assam are:
(i) Local governance: The Municipal Board of Assam is responsible for governing and managing the local affairs of the municipality or town within its jurisdiction. It takes care of essential services such as sanitation, public health, street lighting, maintenance of public spaces, and other local infrastructure.
(ii) Policy formulation and implementation: The Municipal Board formulates policies and plans for the development of the municipality. It implements projects and programs that promote the welfare of residents, including urban development, housing initiatives, waste management, and environmental conservation.
3. Answer any five from the following questions : 4×5=20
(a) Explain in brief the unitary characteristics of the Indian Constitution.
Ans:- The unitary characteristics of the Indian Constitution refer to certain features that give the central government significant powers and authority. These characteristics are:
1. Single Constitution: India has a single written constitution that applies to the whole country, providing a unified legal framework.
2. Strong Centre: The central government in India has more powers compared to the state governments. It has the authority to legislate on subjects listed in the Union List and Concurrent List, while the state governments have limited autonomy.
3. Integrated Judiciary: The judiciary in India is unified and integrated. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority for the entire country, and it has the power to interpret and enforce the constitution.
4. Flexibility of the Constitution: The Indian Constitution allows for amendments to be made by the Parliament with a special majority. The central government can modify or change certain provisions of the constitution without requiring the consent of the state governments.
5. Appointment of Governors: Governors are appointed by the President of India and serve as the representatives of the central government in the states. They play a significant role in maintaining the unity and integrity of the country.
6. Emergency Provisions: The Indian Constitution provides for emergency provisions that grant additional powers to the central government during times of national crisis, such as an armed rebellion or a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a state.
(b) Explain the debate over the basic structure of the Indian Constitution.
Ans:- The debate over the basic structure of the Indian Constitution revolves around the question of whether there are certain fundamental features of the constitution that cannot be amended by the Parliament. The argument is that these basic features form the essence and identity of the constitution and act as a safeguard against arbitrary amendments that could undermine the democratic and constitutional principles.
The debate emerged following the landmark Supreme Court judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), where the court held that there are certain basic features of the constitution that cannot be altered. Some of these basic features include the supremacy of the constitution, the rule of law, separation of powers, independence of the judiciary, and federalism.
Since then, the judiciary has acted as the guardian of the basic structure doctrine and has the power to strike down constitutional amendments that violate these fundamental features. The debate continues as different perspectives exist regarding the scope and limits of the basic structure doctrine and the role of the judiciary in interpreting and preserving the constitution's core principles.
(c) Explain how the Parliament controls the executive.
Ans:- The Parliament controls the executive in India through various mechanisms and powers:
1. Legislative Oversight: The Parliament exercises legislative oversight by scrutinizing the actions of the executive branch. It can question the government, seek clarifications, and demand accountability through debates, discussions, and parliamentary committees.
2. Budgetary Control: The Parliament has the authority to approve the government's budget and expenditure proposals. It examines and discusses the budgetary allocations and can suggest changes or modifications.
3. No-Confidence Motion: The Parliament can pass a motion of no confidence against the government. If the motion is successful, it leads to the resignation of the government, thereby exerting control over the executive.
4. Parliamentary Committees: The Parliament has various committees, such as the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and the Estimates Committee, which play a vital role in examining and evaluating the functioning of the executive and its adherence to policies and procedures.
5. Question Hour: Members of Parliament can ask questions during the Question Hour, seeking information from ministers regarding various policy matters and the implementation of government programs.
6. Impeachment: In cases of misconduct or violation of the constitution, the Parliament has the power to impeach the President, Vice-President, and judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, ensuring accountability and control over the executive and the judiciary.
(d) What do you mean by political philosophy approach ? Explain it in Indian context.
Ans:- Political philosophy approach refers to the study and analysis of political ideas, theories, and principles that shape a society's political system. It involves examining the underlying philosophical foundations of political institutions, concepts of justice, rights, liberty, equality, and the role of government in a society.
In the Indian context, political philosophy approach involves studying and understanding the diverse political ideologies and philosophies that influenced the framers of the Indian Constitution. These include democratic socialism, secularism, social justice, equality, and the principles of liberty and fraternity.
The Constitution of India reflects a blend of Western political theories, such as liberalism, socialism, and democracy, along with indigenous ideas and values. The political philosophy approach helps in understanding the underlying principles and goals of the Indian Constitution and how they shape the functioning of the political system in India.
(e) Explain how the Constitution is a means of democratic transformation.
Ans:- The Constitution serves as a means of democratic transformation by establishing the framework for a democratic system and providing mechanisms for the participation of citizens in decision-making processes. Here's how the Constitution facilitates democratic transformation:
1. Fundamental Rights: The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, including the rights to equality, freedom of speech, and the right to vote. These rights empower citizens to participate in the democratic process and protect them from arbitrary actions by the government.
2. Universal Adult Franchise: The Constitution ensures universal adult suffrage, granting every citizen the right to vote. This allows citizens to elect their representatives, shaping the composition of the legislative bodies and providing a mechanism for democratic representation.
3. Separation of Powers: The Constitution establishes the separation of powers among the legislature, executive, and judiciary, ensuring a system of checks and balances. This prevents the concentration of power and enables democratic accountability.
4. Independent Judiciary: The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary as the guardian of the Constitution and the protector of citizens' rights. The judiciary interprets the Constitution, resolves disputes, and safeguards the democratic principles enshrined in the Constitution.
5. Electoral Processes: The Constitution provides for the conduct of free and fair elections at regular intervals. It establishes an independent Election Commission that oversees the electoral processes, ensuring transparency, fairness, and integrity in the democratic process.[AHSEC Class 11 Political Science Solved Question Paper 2023]
(f) Discuss the main sources of the Indian Constitution.
Ans:- The main sources of the Indian Constitution are as follows:
1. Government of India Act, 1935: The Government of India Act, 1935, served as a significant source for the Indian Constitution. It provided a framework for governance and introduced certain features, such as federalism, parliamentary system, and administrative provisions, which influenced the Indian Constitution.
2. Constituent Assembly Debates: The debates and discussions held in the Constituent Assembly of India played a crucial role in shaping the provisions of the Constitution. The members deliberated on various issues, including fundamental rights, the structure of government, and the distribution of powers between the center and the states.
3. Foreign Constitutions and Laws: The framers of the Indian Constitution drew inspiration from various foreign constitutions and legal systems. They studied and analyzed the constitutions of countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Ireland to understand and adapt suitable features for the Indian context.
4. Fundamental Rights: The concept of fundamental rights, which form an integral part of the Indian Constitution, was influenced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Bill of Rights of the United States.
5. Indian Independence Movement: The Indian independence movement and the ideas propagated by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, B.R. Ambedkar, and others had a profound influence on the drafting of the Indian Constitution. Concepts like democracy, secularism, social justice, and equality were shaped by the Indian freedom struggle.
(g) Discuss the role of the Governor during the President's rule.
Ans:- During President's rule in a state, the Governor plays a significant role. The President's rule is imposed when there is a failure of constitutional machinery in a state, usually due to political instability, an inability to form a government, or a breakdown of law and order. The role of the Governor during President's rule includes :
1. Assumption of Executive Powers: During President's rule, the Governor assumes the executive powers of the state government. The Governor becomes the de facto head of the state administration, and the state government is placed under the direct control of the central government.
2. Legislative Functions: The Governor exercises legislative powers in the absence of an elected legislature. They can promulgate ordinances to govern the state in emergency situations or when the legislative assembly is not in session.
3. Administrative Functions: The Governor oversees the administration of the state during President's rule. They appoint advisors or administrators to assist in governance and ensure the smooth functioning of the state machinery.
4. Role in Government Formation: In certain cases, the Governor plays a crucial role in the formation of the government after the imposition of President's rule. The Governor can recommend the dissolution of the legislative assembly, call for fresh elections, or invite political parties or alliances to form the government based on the prevailing circumstances.
(h) Discuss the powers and functions of the Lok Sabha.
Ans:- The Lok Sabha, or the House of the People, is the lower house of the Parliament of India. It has several powers and functions, including:
1. Legislative Functions: The Lok Sabha is primarily responsible for the enactment of laws. Members of Parliament (MPs) in the Lok Sabha introduce bills, debate them, and vote on their passage. Bills passed by the Lok Sabha are sent to the Rajya Sabha (the upper house) for further consideration.
2. Budget Approval: The Lok Sabha plays a vital role in the budgetary process. It examines the budget proposals presented by the government, discusses the allocations, and votes on the demands for grants. The Lok Sabha has the final say on the budget, and its approval is necessary for the implementation of government policies and programs.
3. Control Over the Executive: The Lok Sabha exercises control over the executive branch of the government. MPs can question ministers during the Question Hour, seek clarifications, and hold the government accountable for its actions and policies. The Lok Sabha can pass a motion of no confidence against the government, leading to its resignation if successful.
4. Representation of People: The Lok Sabha represents the people of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the citizens through universal adult suffrage. They are responsible for representing the interests and concerns of their constituents in the legislative process.
5. Constitutional Amendment: The Lok Sabha, along with the Rajya Sabha, has the power to amend the Constitution. Certain amendments require a special majority, while others require a simple majority. The Lok Sabha's approval is necessary for the amendment to become law.
6. Oversight Functions: The Lok Sabha performs oversight functions by scrutinizing the government's policies and programs. It forms various parliamentary committees to examine specific issues, evaluate the functioning of government departments, and suggest improvements.[AHSEC Class 11 Political Science Solved Question Paper 2023]
4. Answer any two from the following questions : 6x2 = 12
(a) Discuss the powers and functions of the Supreme Court of India.
Ans:- The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the country and is vested with extensive powers and functions. Here are some of the key powers and functions of the Supreme Court:
1. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, which enables it to examine the constitutionality of laws and executive actions. It ensures that the laws and actions of the government are in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
2. Guardian of the Constitution: The Supreme Court acts as the guardian of the Constitution and plays a vital role in interpreting and upholding its provisions. It ensures that the fundamental principles and values enshrined in the Constitution are protected.
3. Appellate Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India. It hears appeals from lower courts, including high courts, in both civil and criminal cases. It has the authority to overrule or modify the decisions of lower courts, subject to certain conditions.
4. Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in certain types of cases. It can directly hear and decide disputes between the central government and state governments, between states, and between the central government and one or more states.
5. Advisory Jurisdiction: The President of India can seek the Supreme Court's opinion on any matter of public importance or legal importance. Although the opinion is not binding, it holds great persuasive value.
6. Constitutional Interpretation: The Supreme Court interprets the provisions of the Constitution and resolves any ambiguity or conflict that may arise. It clarifies the constitutional rights and obligations of individuals, governments, and institutions.
7. Public Interest Litigation (PIL): The Supreme Court has played a significant role in expanding the scope of PILs, allowing individuals or organizations to approach the court on behalf of those who cannot seek legal redress themselves. PILs have been instrumental in addressing various social and environmental issues in the country.
8. Contempt of Court: The Supreme Court has the power to punish individuals or entities for contempt of court, which includes willful disobedience of its orders or disrespecting the dignity and authority of the court.
(b) Discuss the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution of India.
Ans:- The Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of India are a set of basic rights guaranteed to all citizens. These rights ensure the individual's freedom, dignity, and equality. Here are the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of India:
1. Right to Equality: This includes equality before the law, prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment, among others.
2. Right to Freedom: This encompasses various freedoms such as freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly, freedom to form associations or unions, freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India, freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country, and freedom to practice any profession, occupation, trade, or business.
3. Right against Exploitation: It prohibits all forms of forced labor, trafficking, and child labor. It also prohibits the employment of children in hazardous conditions.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion: This guarantees the freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate any religion. It also includes the right to manage religious affairs and to establish and maintain religious institutions.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights: This protects the rights of cultural, religious, and linguistic minorities to conserve their culture, establish and administer educational institutions of their choice, and provides safeguards for the protection of educational and linguistic minorities.
6. Right to Life and Personal Liberty: It protects the right to life and personal liberty, which includes the right to live with dignity, right to privacy, and protection against arbitrary arrest and detention.
7. Right to Constitutional Remedies: This empowers individuals to approach the Supreme Court or High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights through writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo warranto.
These Fundamental Rights are justiciable, meaning individuals can approach the courts for their enforcement and protection against any violation by the state or any other entity. However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed on these rights in the interest of public order, morality, security, or other compelling societal concerns.
(c) Discuss the composition, power and functions of the Election Commission of India.
Ans:- The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for overseeing and conducting elections in India. It was established in 1950 and operates under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution. The composition of the Election Commission consists of three members:
1. Chief Election Commissioner (CEC): The CEC is the head of the Election Commission and is appointed by the President of India. The CEC is usually a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired civil servant of high standing.
2. Election Commissioners: Along with the CEC, there are two Election Commissioners who are also appointed by the President. The Election Commissioners assist the CEC in various election-related tasks.
The power and functions of the Election Commission of India include:
1. Conducting Free and Fair Elections: The primary responsibility of the ECI is to ensure the conduct of free and fair elections in India. It supervises the entire electoral process, from the delimitation of constituencies to the announcement of results.
2. Voter Registration: The ECI is responsible for maintaining the electoral roll and conducting the process of voter registration. It ensures the inclusion of eligible voters, removes duplicate or false entries, and updates the voter list periodically.
3. Election Schedule: The ECI determines the schedule of elections, including the announcement of dates for various phases, nominations, polling, and counting of votes.
4. Model Code of Conduct: The ECI enforces the Model Code of Conduct during elections. This code lays down guidelines for political parties and candidates to maintain a level playing field, ethical campaigning, and prevents the use of government resources for election purposes.
5. Election Monitoring and Observers: The ECI deploys election observers to ensure the smooth conduct of elections, prevent malpractices, and address any violations of electoral laws.
6. Dispute Resolution: The ECI adjudicates electoral disputes and complaints filed by candidates or political parties related to the election process.[AHSEC Class 11 Political Science Solved Question Paper 2023]
(d) Discuss the lawmaking procedure in the Indian Parliament.
Ans:- The lawmaking procedure in the Indian Parliament involves several stages and follows a specific legislative process. The Parliament of India consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The lawmaking procedure in the Indian Parliament can be summarized as follows:
1. Proposal and Introduction: Any Member of Parliament (MP) can propose a new law by introducing a Bill in either house of Parliament. A Bill is a draft legislation that undergoes scrutiny and debate before becoming a law.
2. First Reading: During the first reading, the Bill is introduced, and its objectives and general principles are explained. There is no debate or voting during this stage.
3. Committee Stage: After the first reading, the Bill is referred to a Standing Committee or a Select Committee, depending on the type of Bill. The committee examines the provisions of the Bill in detail, consults experts, and invites public opinions if required.
4. Second Reading: The second reading involves a detailed discussion and debate on the Bill's provisions, clauses, and amendments. Members can propose amendments, and the Minister in charge of the Bill responds to the concerns raised.
5. Voting and Passage: After the second reading, the Bill goes through a voting process. If a majority of the members present and voting in the house support the Bill, it proceeds to the other house for consideration.
6. Consideration in the Other House: The Bill undergoes a similar process of reading, committee scrutiny, and debates in the other house. Amendments proposed by the other house are considered, and if agreed upon, they are incorporated into the Bill.
7. Joint Sitting (if required): If there is a disagreement between the two houses regarding the Bill, a joint sitting of both houses is called to resolve the differences.
8. Presidential Assent: Once both houses agree on the final version of the Bill, it is sent to the President of India for assent. The President can give assent, withhold assent, or send it back for reconsideration.
9. Law Enactment: If the President gives assent, the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament and is enforced as law throughout the country. It is then published in the official Gazette of India.
PART--B
( Political Theory)
5. Answer any six from the following questions: 1×6=6
(a) Who wrote the book, Republic?
Ans:- The book "Republic" was written by Plato.
(b) Who put forward the concept of distributive justice ?
Ans:- The concept of distributive justice was put forward by John Rawls.
(c) Give an example of political rights.
Ans:- An example of political rights is the right to vote in elections.
(d) Write a difference between negative and positive peace.
Ans:- Negative peace refers to the absence of violence or direct conflict, while positive peace refers to the presence of justice, equality, and social harmony.
(e) Mention a difference between Indian secularism and Western secularism.
Ans:- One difference between Indian secularism and Western secularism is that Indian secularism emphasizes equal respect for all religions and the state's intervention to promote religious harmony, while Western secularism often emphasizes the separation of religion and state.
(f) In which year was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted ?
Ans:- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in the year 1948.
(g) Write a feature of development.
Ans:- A feature of development is the improvement in the standard of living and well-being of individuals and communities, including factors such as increased income, access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
(h) Who first used the term 'politics'?
Ans:- The term 'politics' was first used by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.
(i) Who wrote the book, Long Walk to Freedom?
Ans:- The book "Long Walk to Freedom" was written by Nelson Mandela.
(j) Give an example of Human Rights.
Ans:- An example of a human right is the right to freedom of speech and expression, which allows individuals to express their opinions and ideas without censorship or fear of persecution.
6. Answer any six from the following questions : 2 x 6 = 12
(a) Mention two forms of structural violence.
Ans: Two forms of structural violence are economic inequality and institutional discrimination.
(b) Why do we need constraints in enjoying freedom?
Ans: Constraints are necessary to ensure that one person's freedom does not infringe upon the freedom or rights of others. They help maintain order, prevent harm, and promote a fair and just society.
(c) Mention two components of nationalism.
Ans: Two components of nationalism are a sense of shared identity and loyalty to one's nation or country, and the belief in the right to self-determination.
(d) What does it mean to be a global citizen?
Ans: Being a global citizen means recognizing and embracing the interconnectedness of the world, beyond national boundaries. It involves a sense of responsibility towards addressing global challenges, promoting human rights, and working towards the common good of humanity.
(e) Mention two negative dimensions of development.
Ans: Two negative dimensions of development are environmental degradation, which can result from unsustainable practices, and social inequality, where the benefits of development are not equitably distributed.
(f) Mention two forms of equality.
Ans: Two forms of equality are equality of opportunity, where everyone has the same chances for success, and equality before the law, where all individuals are subject to the same legal standards.
(g) What do you mean by social justice?
Ans: Social justice refers to the concept of fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within a society. It seeks to address systemic inequalities and promote a society where everyone has access to basic needs, rights, and opportunities.[AHSEC Class 11 Political Science Solved Question Paper 2023]
(h) Mention two subject matters of political theory.
Ans: Two subject matters of political theory are the study of power and governance, and the examination of political ideologies and their impact on society.
(i) What do you mean by individual liberty?
Ans: Individual liberty refers to the freedom and autonomy of individuals to make choices, express themselves, and pursue their own interests, as long as they do not harm or infringe upon the rights of others.
(j) What is meant by national right to self-determination?
Ans: The national right to self-determination refers to the belief that a particular nation or ethnic group has the inherent right to choose its own political, economic, and social destiny, including the establishment of an independent state if desired. It emphasizes the idea that nations should have the freedom to govern themselves without external interference.
7. Answer any five from the following questions : 4x5=20
(a) Explain the different challenges to peace in contemporary world.
Ans:- Challenges to Peace in the Contemporary World:
1. Conflict and Violence: Armed conflicts, civil wars, and terrorism pose significant challenges to peace. These conflicts can be fueled by ethnic, religious, political, or economic differences, leading to instability and insecurity.
2. Political Instability: Weak governance, corruption, and lack of political stability can undermine peace. Political instability can result in power struggles, social unrest, and the erosion of democratic institutions.
3. Economic Inequality: Widespread poverty, inequality, and lack of access to resources can contribute to social tensions and conflicts. Economic disparities often exacerbate social divisions and lead to grievances, which can threaten peace.
4. Human Rights Violations: Violations of human rights, including discrimination, repression, and persecution, can fuel conflicts and undermine peace. Respect for human rights and justice are essential for fostering peaceful societies.
5. Environmental Challenges: Environmental degradation, climate change, and resource scarcity can exacerbate conflicts over land, water, and other natural resources. Disputes arising from these issues can escalate tensions and hinder peace efforts.
6. Global Power Dynamics: Geopolitical rivalries, arms races, and competition for resources among powerful nations can destabilize regions and threaten global peace. The struggle for dominance and influence can lead to proxy wars and conflicts.
7. Cybersecurity Threats: The rise of cyber warfare, hacking, and cybercrime poses new challenges to peace and security. Cyberattacks can disrupt critical infrastructure, compromise sensitive information, and escalate tensions between nations.
(b) Write a note on alternative concepts of development.
Ans:- Alternative Concepts of Development:
1. Sustainable Development: This concept emphasizes meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It focuses on economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability.
2. Human Development: Human development goes beyond economic indicators and emphasizes the well-being of individuals. It includes factors such as education, healthcare, gender equality, and access to basic services as crucial elements of development.
3. Participatory Development: This approach emphasizes the involvement of local communities and individuals in the decision-making processes that affect their lives. It aims to empower communities, enhance their capabilities, and ensure their active participation in development initiatives.
4. Bottom-up Development: This concept emphasizes starting development initiatives at the grassroots level and giving local communities the agency to drive their own development. It recognizes that local knowledge and context-specific solutions are vital for sustainable development.
5. Post-Growth or Degrowth: This concept challenges the traditional focus on unlimited economic growth and advocates for reducing consumption, redefining well-being beyond material wealth, and promoting ecological sustainability.
(d) What do you mean by global citizenship?
Ans:- Global Citizenship:
Global citizenship refers to a sense of belonging and responsibility towards the global community. It goes beyond national boundaries and encourages individuals to consider themselves as part of a larger interconnected world. Global citizens recognize the shared challenges faced by humanity, such as poverty, inequality, climate change, and conflicts, and actively engage in efforts to address these issues.
Global citizenship involves understanding and respecting diverse cultures, promoting human rights, advocating for social justice, and participating in global dialogue and decision-making processes. It encourages individuals to be informed and active global actors who strive to create positive change, foster peace, and promote sustainable development on a global scale.
(c) Write a note on non-violence.
Ans:- Non-violence:
Non-violence is a philosophy and practice that rejects the use of physical force or aggression to achieve social, political, or ideological goals. It is based on the belief in the power of peaceful means to bring about social change and resolve conflicts.
Non-violence encompasses various methods, including peaceful protests, civil disobedience, negotiation, dialogue, and reconciliation. It aims to address injustice, inequality, and oppression by appealing to reason, empathy, and moral principles. Non-violence emphasizes respect for human dignity, the importance of dialogue, and the pursuit of justice through peaceful means.
Prominent advocates of non-violence include Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, who demonstrated its effectiveness in bringing about significant social and political transformations.
(d) Explain the concept of liberty as put forward by J. S. Mill.
Ans:- Liberty as put forward by J.S. Mill:
John Stuart Mill, a 19th-century philosopher and political economist, articulated a concept of liberty that emphasized individual freedom and the limits of state intervention. Mill's idea of liberty can be summarized as follows:
1. Harm Principle: Mill proposed that individuals should be free to act as they wish as long as their actions do not harm others. This principle establishes the boundaries of individual freedom, protecting individuals from interference unless their actions pose a direct harm to others.
2. Individual Autonomy: Mill believed in the importance of individual autonomy, whereby individuals have the right to make their own choices and decisions without undue influence or coercion from the state or society. He argued that individuals are the best judges of their own interests and well-being.
3. Freedom of Thought and Expression: Mill championed freedom of thought and expression as fundamental rights. He argued that even unpopular or dissenting opinions should be protected, as they contribute to the marketplace of ideas, the discovery of truth, and the progress of society.
4. Limitations on State Power: Mill cautioned against excessive state power and advocated for limitations on governmental authority. He argued that the state should only intervene when necessary to prevent harm or protect individuals' rights, and even then, with the least amount of coercion and interference.
5. Tolerance and Diversity: Mill emphasized the importance of tolerance and respect for diverse opinions and lifestyles. He believed that a free society thrives on the exchange of ideas, and that diversity of thought and behavior enriches society as a whole.
Mill's concept of liberty influenced liberal political thought and continues to shape debates on individual rights, the role of government, and the balance between personal freedom and social responsibility.
(e) Write the relationships between rights and duties.
Ans:- The relationship between rights and duties can be understood as follows:
1. Rights and duties are reciprocal: Every right is accompanied by a corresponding duty. For example, the right to freedom of speech implies the duty to respect the speech rights of others.
2. Rights impose obligations: The enjoyment of rights comes with responsibilities. One's exercise of their rights should not infringe upon the rights of others or harm the public interest. For instance, the right to own property entails the duty to use it responsibly and not to violate others' property rights.
3. Duties protect rights: Fulfilling one's duties helps to safeguard the rights of individuals and the stability of society. Duties such as obeying the law, paying taxes, and serving on juries contribute to the functioning of a just and orderly society.
4. Balancing rights and duties: In some cases, rights and duties may conflict or need to be balanced. For instance, the right to privacy may need to be balanced against the duty of law enforcement to protect public safety.[AHSEC HS First Year Political Science Solved Question Paper 2023]
(f) Mention the differences between Political Science and History.
Ans:- The differences between Political Science and History are as follows:
1. Focus: Political Science is concerned with the study of political systems, institutions, and processes, analyzing power dynamics, governance, and policy-making. History, on the other hand, focuses on the study of past events, their causes, and their effects on societies.
2. Methodology: Political Science employs empirical methods, including surveys, statistical analysis, and comparative studies, to study political phenomena and develop theories. History relies on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, archival research, and historical interpretation to reconstruct and understand past events.
3. Scope: Political Science examines contemporary and historical political systems and processes, as well as theories and concepts related to politics. History covers a broader range of human events, including social, cultural, economic, and political developments throughout different periods of time.
4. Orientation: Political Science is forward-looking and often focuses on understanding and predicting future political trends, as well as offering policy recommendations. History, by contrast, is primarily concerned with understanding the past, although historical analysis can provide insights into the present.
(g) Explain John Rawls' theory of justice.
Ans:- John Rawls' theory of justice, known as "justice as fairness," aims to establish a framework for a just and egalitarian society. Rawls argues that justice should be based on principles that individuals would choose in a hypothetical "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance." This veil of ignorance ensures that individuals do not know their own social position, wealth, talents, or personal preferences when making decisions about the principles of justice.
Rawls proposes two principles of justice:
1. The principle of equal basic liberties: This principle guarantees each individual's basic rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, thought, and assembly, which cannot be denied or curtailed except to protect the same liberties for others.
2. The difference principle: This principle permits inequalities in the distribution of social and economic goods, but only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society. Inequalities are justified if they result in the improvement of the welfare of the most vulnerable and disadvantaged individuals.
Rawls' theory emphasizes fairness, equal opportunity, and the prioritization of the most vulnerable members of society. It serves as a foundation for discussions on distributive justice and has influenced political and philosophical debates on social equality.
(h) Mention four differences between citizens and aliens.
Ans:- The differences between citizens and aliens (non-citizens) can include the following:
1. Legal Status: Citizens have legal recognition and are members of a particular nation-state. They enjoy constitutional rights and privileges, such as the right to vote and hold public office. Aliens, or non-citizens, are individuals who are not legal citizens of the country in which they reside. They may have varying legal statuses, such as permanent residents, temporary residents, or undocumented immigrants.
2. Political Participation: Citizens have the right to participate in the political process of their country, including voting in elections and influencing decision-making. Aliens, depending on their legal status, may have limited or no political rights or participation.
3. Protection by the State: Citizens generally have the right to receive protection from their country's government, including legal and social safeguards. Aliens, particularly undocumented or illegal immigrants, may face a lack of legal protection and could be subject to deportation or other immigration-related consequences.
4. Obligations and Responsibilities: Citizens have civic obligations and responsibilities to their country, such as paying taxes, obeying the law, and potentially serving in the military. Aliens may have certain responsibilities as well, but they may differ depending on their legal status and the laws of the host country.
It's important to note that the specific rights, duties, and distinctions between citizens and aliens can vary across different countries and legal systems.
8. Answer any two from the following questions : 6x2 = 12
(a) Define political theory. Discuss the utility of the study of political theory.
Ans:- Political theory refers to the study of concepts, principles, and ideas that underpin political systems and structures. It involves the examination of various philosophical, historical, and normative perspectives on politics, power, governance, and the relationship between the state and individuals or groups. Political theory seeks to analyze and understand political phenomena, such as the nature of authority, the justification of political power, the distribution of power and resources, the role of government, and the rights and obligations of citizens.
The study of political theory offers several utilities. Firstly, it helps us critically analyze and evaluate existing political systems, institutions, and policies. By examining political theories and ideas, we can understand the strengths and weaknesses of different forms of governance, identify areas for improvement, and promote political reform and progress.
Secondly, political theory provides a conceptual framework for understanding political phenomena. It enables us to delve into the underlying principles and values that shape political systems, such as justice, liberty, equality, and democracy. By studying political theory, we gain a deeper comprehension of the complexities of political life and can engage in informed debates on pressing political issues.
Thirdly, political theory encourages critical thinking and fosters civic engagement. It equips individuals with analytical tools to question and challenge prevailing political ideas and practices. By engaging with different political theories, individuals can develop their own perspectives, participate in public discourse, and contribute to the development of political thought and action.
Overall, the study of political theory enhances our understanding of politics, facilitates critical analysis, and empowers individuals to actively participate in shaping their political systems.
(b) What is freedom? Explain the main dimensions of freedom.
Ans:- Freedom is a concept that encompasses the absence of coercion or restrictions, allowing individuals to exercise their rights and choices. It refers to the ability of individuals to act, think, and express themselves independently without undue interference.
The main dimensions of freedom can be broadly categorized as follows:
1. Personal Freedom: This dimension emphasizes individual autonomy and the absence of interference in personal choices and actions. It includes the freedom of thought, conscience, belief, expression, association, and movement. Personal freedom entails the right to hold and express diverse opinions, engage in activities of one's choosing, and pursue personal fulfillment without unreasonable restrictions.
2. Political Freedom: Political freedom refers to the ability of individuals to participate in the political process and have a voice in shaping the policies and decisions that affect them. It includes the right to vote, run for office, and engage in political discourse. Political freedom also encompasses the freedom of assembly and association, allowing citizens to form groups and organizations to pursue collective goals.
3. Economic Freedom: Economic freedom pertains to the ability of individuals to engage in economic activities without undue restrictions. It involves the freedom to own and control property, pursue economic opportunities, engage in trade and commerce, and benefit from the fruits of one's labor. Economic freedom also entails the absence of excessive government intervention and regulations that impede market transactions.
4. Social Freedom: Social freedom relates to the absence of social barriers and discrimination that limit individuals' choices and opportunities based on their identity or social status. It includes equal rights and opportunities regardless of factors such as race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic background. Social freedom recognizes the importance of inclusivity, diversity, and equal treatment within society.
It is important to note that these dimensions of freedom are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. They form the foundation for individual rights, democratic governance, and human development, allowing individuals to live with dignity and fulfill their potential.
(c) What do you mean by secularism? Write a critical note on Indian secularism.
Ans:- Secularism refers to the principle or ideology that advocates for the separation of religion and state. It is based on the idea that the government should be neutral and treat all religions equally, ensuring that no particular religious group holds privileged status or exercises undue influence in public affairs. Secularism upholds the principle of religious freedom, allowing individuals the right to practice their religion freely or choose not to follow any religion.
Indian secularism, as practiced in India, has its own unique characteristics and challenges. The concept of secularism in India is enshrined in the country's constitution, which mandates that the state shall not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of religion and guarantees freedom of religion to all individuals. However, Indian secularism has been a subject of criticism and debate.
One critical note on Indian secularism revolves around the issue of minority rights and the role of the state in protecting them. Critics argue that the Indian state has at times failed to ensure the full and equal protection of minority rights, leading to instances of discrimination, marginalization, and communal violence. They contend that the state's policies and actions have not always been consistent with the principles of secularism, as religious considerations have influenced political decisions and governance.
Another point of contention is the practice of communal politics, where politicians exploit religious divisions and sentiments to further their own agendas. Critics argue that this undermines the secular fabric of the country and hampers social cohesion. They highlight the need for a more robust and inclusive implementation of secular principles to address these challenges effectively.
Furthermore, there have been debates regarding the role of the state in managing religious institutions and providing support to different religious communities. Critics argue that state involvement in religious matters compromises the principle of state neutrality and can lead to favoritism or unequal treatment.
It is important to note that while there may be shortcomings in the practice of secularism in India, the concept itself remains crucial for fostering a pluralistic and inclusive society. Indian secularism is an ongoing process that requires continuous efforts to uphold the principles of equality, non-discrimination, and religious freedom for all citizens.
(d) "Political liberty without economic equality is meaningless." Explain.
Ans:- The statement "Political liberty without economic equality is meaningless" highlights the interdependence of political freedom and economic equality in a just society. It argues that political liberty alone, without ensuring economic equality, fails to provide individuals with the necessary means to exercise their political rights and participate fully in society.
Political liberty encompasses the right to vote, freedom of expression, association, and other civil and political rights. These rights are fundamental for citizens to have a voice in the decision-making process, influence policies, and hold governments accountable. However, if there is significant economic inequality, it can undermine the effectiveness and meaningfulness of political liberty.
Economic inequality can manifest in various forms, such as disparities in income, wealth, opportunities, and access to resources. When a significant portion of the population lacks access to basic necessities, education, healthcare, or economic opportunities, their ability to exercise political liberties becomes constrained. The lack of economic resources can limit individuals' ability to participate in political processes, engage in political discourse, or pursue political aspirations.
Moreover, economic inequality can result in the concentration of economic power and influence in the hands of a few, leading to an imbalanced distribution of political power. Wealthy individuals or corporations may exert disproportionate influence over the political system, shaping policies in their favor and undermining the interests of the less affluent majority.
In this context, economic equality is necessary to ensure that all citizens have a fair and equal opportunity to exercise their political rights. When individuals have access to education, healthcare, economic resources, and social support, they are better positioned to participate meaningfully in political processes and make informed choices. Economic equality helps level the playing field, reduces the influence of wealth disparities on political outcomes, and strengthens democratic principles.
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