Logic and Philosophy Solved 2024 Question Paper AHSEC Class 11 [H.S 1st Year Logic and Philosophy Question Paper Solution]

AHSEC/ASSEB Class 11 Logic & Philosophy Question Paper Solution in PDF– Download & Prepare Smartly

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HS 1st Year Logic & Philosophy Question Paper 2024

Marks: 100
Time: 3 hours

The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.

Section A: Very Short Answer Questions (1×12=12)

1. Answer the following as directed:
   
   (a) Logic is (an art / a science / both science and art). (Choose the correct answer)
   Ans: Both science and art.
   
   (b) The copula of a proposition is in the (past / present / future) tense. (Choose the correct answer)
   Ans: Present.
   
   (c) There is no distribution of term in ______ proposition. (Fill in the blank)
   Ans: O-proposition.
   
   (d) Either Radhakrishnan is a philosopher or a politician. It is an example of (disjunctive proposition / conjunctive proposition). (Choose the correct answer)
   Ans: Disjunctive proposition.
   
   (e) In immediate inference, the conclusion is deduced from (one / two / three) premise(s). (Choose the correct answer)
   Ans: One.
   
   (f) The predicate of the conclusion of a syllogism is called (major term / minor term / middle term). (Choose the correct answer)
   Ans: Major term.
   
   (g) Mention any one valid mood of the second figure.
   Ans: BAROCO (A-O-O).
   
   (h) What will be the truth-value of p ∨ q, if both p and q are false?
   Ans: False (F).
   
   (i) What is the derivative meaning of the word epistemology?
   Ans: Science of knowledge.
   
   (j) Who is the founder of Sāṃkhya Philosophy?
   Ans: Saint Kapila.
   
   (k) State any one point of difference between Rationalism and Empiricism.
   Ans:
   
   

• Rationalism: Reason is the only source of knowledge.

• Empiricism: Experience is the only source of knowledge.

2. (l) How many Pramāṇas are accepted in Nyāya Philosophy?
   Ans: Four.

Section B: Short Answer Questions

2. Write the name of two logicians who contributed to the development of modern logic. (2 marks)
   Ans: Bertrand Russell and A. N. Whitehead.
   
   

3. State two advantages of using symbols in logic. (2 marks)
   Ans:
   (i) The use of symbols expresses the general nature of logical rules.
   (ii) Symbols help to conveniently express concepts and technical terms peculiar to logic.
   
   

4. Classify propositions according to quality. (2 marks)
   Ans:
   (i) Affirmative Proposition
   (ii) Negative Proposition
   
   

5. Define class membership proposition with an example. (1+1=2 marks)
   Ans: A proposition that asserts a relation between two or more constituents is called a class membership proposition.
   Example: Ritu is a teacher.
   
   

6. Convert the following propositions: (2 marks)
   (a) All philosophers are wise.
   Ans: Some wise persons are philosophers.
   (b) Some scientists are poets.
   Ans: Some poets are scientists.
   
   

7. Define middle term. (2 marks)
   Ans: The term that is present in both premises but absent in the conclusion is called the middle term.
   
   

8. Give an example of the fallacy of four terms. (2 marks)
   Ans:
   
   

• Man is the creator of sin.

• God is the creator of man.

• ∴ God is the creator of sin.

• Here, "man," "creator of sin," "creator of man," and "God" introduce four terms, leading to a fallacy.

9. State two points of difference between logical constants and variables. (2 marks)
   Ans:
   (i) A logical constant has a fixed value, whereas a variable does not.
   (ii) Logical constants are represented by specific symbols, while variables are denoted by small letters from a to z.
   
   

10. Define conjunctive function. (2 marks)
    Ans: A compound proposition formed by connecting two simple propositions with the logical constant "and" is called a conjunctive function.
    
    

11. Write the names of two empiricist philosophers. (2 marks)
    Ans: David Hume and George Berkeley.
    
    

12. Define Pūrvavat Anumāna with an example. (1+1=2 marks)
    Ans: When we infer an unperceived effect from a perceived cause, it is called Pūrvavat Anumāna.
    Example: Inferring future rainfall by perceiving dense clouds in the sky.

Section C: Descriptive Questions

13. What is realism? (2 marks)
    Ans: Realism is the theory of knowledge that asserts that objects have an independent existence, separate from the knowing mind.
    
    

14. What is symbolic logic? State two differences between traditional logic and symbolic logic. (2+2=4 marks)
    Ans:
    
    

• Symbolic logic is the use of symbols in logic to develop its concepts and techniques.
  Differences:

1. Traditional logic has a long history, whereas symbolic logic has existed for about 150 years.

2. Traditional logic uses deductive and inductive methods, but symbolic logic only uses the deductive method.

15. Explain the four-fold scheme of propositions. (4 marks)
    Ans:
    (i) Universal Affirmative (A) – Asserts the predicate for the whole subject. Example: All men are mortal.
    (ii) Universal Negative (E) – Denies the predicate for the whole subject. Example: No men are perfect.
    (iii) Particular Affirmative (I) – Affirms the predicate for part of the subject. Example: Some men are wise.
    (iv) Particular Negative (O) – Denies the predicate for part of the subject. Example: Some men are not honest.
    
    

16. Reduce the following sentences to logical form. (Any two, 2 marks)
    (a) Learned are honored everywhere. → All learned people are honored (A-proposition).
    (b) Many persons are not present at the meeting. → Some persons are not present at the meeting (O-proposition).
    (c) Nobody can do it. → No person can do it (E-proposition).
    (d) Only graduates are eligible for the post. → All eligible persons are graduates (A-proposition).
    
    

17. Define a proposition according to traditional logic. Explain its different parts. (1+3=4 marks)
    Ans:
    
    

• A proposition is a statement that expresses a relation between two terms.
  Parts of a proposition:

1. Subject – The term about which something is stated.

2. Predicate – The term that is affirmed or denied of the subject.

3. Copula – The connecting word that shows affirmation or denial.
   Example: Some men are honest. (men = subject, honest = predicate, are = copula).

18. State any four general rules of pure categorical syllogism. (4 marks)
    Ans:
    (i) No term can be distributed in the conclusion unless it is distributed in the premise.
    (ii) If one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative.
    (iii) If one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular.
    (iv) No conclusion can be drawn from two negative premises.

(v) iv) From two negative premises, no conclusion can be drawn. 

(vi) If both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion also must be affirmative.

(vii) From two particular premises no conclusion can be drawn. From a particular major and a negative minor premise no conclusion can be drawn.

19. Write a short note on the figure of a syllogism.

Ans:
The figure of a syllogism is determined by the position of the middle term in the premises. There are four arrangements of the middle term in the two premises, giving rise to four kinds of figures:

1. First Figure: The middle term is the subject in the major premise and the predicate in the minor premise.
   
   

• Example:

• A: All men are mortal.

• A: All Assamese are men.

• ∴ A: All Assamese are mortal.

• Symbolic form:

• P — M

• S — M

• ∴ S — P

2. Second Figure: The middle term is the predicate in both premises.
   
   

• Example:

• E: No men are perfect.

• A: All gods are perfect.

• ∴ E: No gods are men.

• Symbolic form:

• P — M

• S — M

• ∴ S — P

3. Third Figure: The middle term is the subject in both premises.
   
   

• Example:

• A: All students are men.

• A: All men are rational.

• ∴ I: Some rational beings are students.

• Symbolic form:

• M — P

• M — S

• ∴ S — P

4. Fourth Figure: The middle term is the predicate in the major premise and the subject in the minor premise.
   
   

• Example:

• A: All men are rational.

• A: All men are imperfect.

• ∴ I: Some imperfect beings are rational.

• Symbolic form:

• P — M

• S — M

• ∴ S — P

20. Reduce any one of the following syllogistic arguments into strict logical form and test its validity.

(a) Aristotle was a great logician because he was a philosopher and all great logicians are philosophers.

Ans:

• Premises:

• A: All great logicians are philosophers.

• A: Aristotle is a great logician.

• ∴ A: Aristotle was a philosopher.

• Validity: This syllogism is invalid.

(b) He is not superstitious because uneducated persons are superstitious, and he is not uneducated.

Ans:

• Premises:

• A: All uneducated persons are superstitious.

• E: He is not uneducated.

• ∴ E: He is not superstitious.

• Validity: This syllogism is valid.

21. Write a short note on metaphysics.

Ans:

1. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy.

2. It is a theory of Being or Reality.

3. The word "metaphysics" comes from the Greek words Meta (after) and Physika (physics).

4. Metaphysics is also known as Ontology, derived from Onto (being) and Logos (science).

5. It consists of three parts:

• Ontology of Nature

• Ontology of the Soul or Mind

• Ontology of the Absolute

22. Explain any four characteristics of Indian philosophy.

Ans:

1. Essentiality of practical evidence: Indian philosophy emphasizes practical solutions to human suffering.

2. Spirituality: Man is a spiritual being, and material needs alone cannot satisfy him.

3. Man-centered approach: It focuses on human suffering, problems, and solutions.

4. Doctrine of Karma: Human life is guided by the law of Karma.

5. Faith in rebirth: Some Indian philosophical systems accept the concept of rebirth.

6. Faith in an eternal soul: Except for the Charvaka school, most Indian philosophies believe in an eternal soul.

23. Distinguish between Svarthānumāna and Parārthānumāna.

Ans:

Svarthānumāna	Parārthānumāna
Made for one's own knowledge.	Made to demonstrate truth to others.
Consists of three parts: Vyāpti, Pratijñā, Nigamana.	Consists of five parts: Pratijñā, Hetu, Udāharana, Upanaya, Nigamana.
Does not require formal demonstration.	Requires logical steps for convincing others.

24. What is the derivative meaning of the word ‘logic’? Discuss the utility of the study of logic. (2+4=6)

Ans:

• The word logic comes from the Greek word Logike, which is derived from Logos, meaning thought or reason.

• Logic is the science of thought as expressed in language.

Utility of the study of logic:

1. It serves as an introduction to philosophy.

2. It helps in effective communication.

3. It ensures clear expression of thoughts.

4. It enhances reasoning and problem-solving skills.

5. It aids in constructive argumentation.

6. It improves critical thinking.

25. Define syllogism. Describe the structure of pure categorical syllogism. (2+4=6)

Ans:

• Definition: A syllogism is a form of mediate deductive inference in which the conclusion necessarily follows from two premises.

Structure of a Pure Categorical Syllogism:

• It consists of three categorical propositions (two premises and one conclusion).

• Example:

• A: All men are mortal.

• A: Plato is a man.

• ∴ A: Plato is mortal.

26. Describe the characteristics of symbolic logic. (4 marks)

Ans:

1. Use of Ideograms: Symbols are used to represent concepts directly.

2. Application of Deductive Methods: Uses a few basic rules to generate numerous statements.

3. Use of Variables: Variables are symbols representing statements without fixed values.

4. Minimization of Language Ambiguities: More symbols are used to avoid fallacies and improve clarity in logical arguments.

27. What is Rationalism? How does Locke criticize Descartes’ innate ideas? (1+5=6)

Ans:

• Rationalism: The philosophical theory that reason is the primary source of true knowledge.

Locke’s Criticism of Innate Ideas:

1. Innate ideas are not universal: Children, idiots, and savages do not have the so-called innate ideas of causality, infinity, etc.

2. Innate ideas vary across cultures and ages.

3. Even if universal, it does not prove their innateness.

4. Principles like the Law of Identity and Contradiction are derived from experience, not innate knowledge.

Thus, Locke rejects the existence of innate ideas.

Or: 

What is Idealism? Explain any four characteristics of Idealism. (2+4=6)

Ans:

• Idealism: The theory that mind, self, or consciousness is the only reality.

Characteristics of Idealism:

1. Mind over matter: The mind is more important than external objects.

2. Spiritual and purposeful world: The world is seen as spiritual.

3. Human-centered philosophy: Humans give meaning to existence.

4. Belief in God: God is considered immanent in the world.

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FAQs on AHSEC Class 11 Logic & Philosophy Question Paper Solution PDF

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   • Yes, these solutions are based on the AHSEC/ASSEB syllabus and past exam patterns.

3. Will solving previous year’s papers help me score better?

   • Yes, practicing past papers improves understanding, time management, and confidence.

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   • Yes, they include all major topics like syllogism, epistemology, realism, rationalism, and more.

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