Microfinance in India Unit 3 | Micro Finance Notes | B.Com 4th Sem | CBCS Pettern

Microfinance is the provision of financial services to low-income clients or solidarity lending groups including consumers and the self-employed, who
Gauhati University Microfinance Unit 2 Notes, Macro finance Notes for Bcom 4th Semester

In this page we have uploaded the Guahati University Micro-finance B.COM 4th Semester, Unit 3 "Microfinance in India" Notes, Which can Be Useful for B.com Final Exams.

Also useful for Dibrugarh UniversityRabindranath Tagore University,Hojai B.Com 4th Sem Students.


Micro Finance  QUESTION ANSWER 2,5,10 MARKS


Unit : 3

 MICRO FINANCE INDIA

SHORT QUESTION ANSWER


2 MARKS

1. Define Micro Finance?

Ans: Microfinance is the provision of financial services to low-income clients or solidarity lending groups including consumers and the self-employed, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. It is not just about giving micro credit to the poor rather it is an economic development tool whose objective is to assist poor to work their way out of poverty. It covers a wide range of services like credit, savings, insurance, remittance and also non- financial services like training, counseling etc.


2. Give two Salient Features of Microfinance.

Ans: Borrowers are from the low income group Loans are of small amount-micro loans.


3. Mention the two Channels of Micro finance?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


4. Define SHG - Bank Linkage Programme?

Ans: 


5. Define Micro Finance Institutions?

Ans: Those institutions which have microfinance as their main operation are known as micro finance institutions. A number of organizations with varied size and legal forms offer microfinance service. These institutions lend through the concept of Joint Liability Group (JLG). A JLG is an informal group comprising of 5 to 10 individual members who come together for the purpose of availing bank loans either individually or through the group mechanism against a mutual guarantee.


6. Mention some of the top 10 Microfinance Companies in India?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION



7. Give an Overview of Financial Inclusion?

Ans: The Government initiated the National Mission for Financial Inclusion (NMFI), namely, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) in August, 2014 to provide universal banking services for every unbaked household, based on the guiding principles of banking the unbanked, securing the unsecured, funding the unfunded and serving unserved and underserved areas. A digital pipeline has been laid for the implementation of PMJDY through linking of Jan-Dhan account with mobile and Aadhaar [Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM)]. In order to move towards creating a universal social security system for all Indians, especially the poor and the under-privileged, three ambitious Jan Suraksha Schemes or Social Security Schemes pertaining to Insurance and Pension Sector were announced by the Government in the Budget for 2015-16. The schemes were launched on 9th May, 2015, for providing life & accident risk insurance and social security at a very affordable cost namely (a) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana and (b) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Yojana and (c) Atal Pension Yojana. Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana to protect elderly aged 60 years and above was initially opened for subscription for a period of one year i.e. from 4th May 2017 to 3rd May 2018.


8. Give some of the Financial Inclusion Schemes in India?

Ans: The Government of India has been introducing several exclusive schemes for the purpose of financial inclusion. These schemes intend to provide social security to the less fortunate sections of the society. After a lot of planning and research by several financial experts and policymakers, the government launched schemes keeping financial inclusion in mind. These schemes have been launched over different years. Let us take a list of the financial inclusion schemes in the country: (i) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), (ii) Atal Pension Yojana (APY), (iii) Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY), (iv) Stand Up India Scheme


9. Give two Objectives of Financial Inclusion?

Ans:DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


10. Define Financial Inclusion through Digital Payment Systems?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION

 

11. What is the Need for Financial Inclusion?

Ans: Financial inclusion enhances the financial system of the country comprehensively. It strengthens the availability of economic resources. Most importantly, it toughens the concept of savings among poor people living in both urban and rural areas. This way, it contributes towards the progress of the economy in a consistent manner. Many poor people tend to get cheated and sometimes even exploited by rich landlords as well as unlicensed moneylenders due to the vulnerable condition of the poor people. With the help of financial inclusion, this serious and hazardous situation can be changed. Financial inclusion engages in including poor people in the formal banking industry with the intention of securing their minimal finances for future purposes. There are many households with people who are farmers or artisans who do not have proper facilities to save the money that they earn after putting in so much effort.


12. Define Financial Inclusion through Microfinance?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION

13. Define Financial Inclusion with the Help of Private Companies

Ans: Private companies have also initiated programmes in order to contribute towards achieving financial inclusion in the nation. These private companies planned and implemented projects in order to make the low-income groups of people be engaged in developmental projects. Some of these programmes include Haryali Kisan Bazaar by DCM, EChoupal or E- Sagar by ITC, Project Shakti by Hindustan Unilever, and many more. Over the past few years, financial inclusion has become a very prominent public policy aspect in order to develop the economy in a sustainable manner. It plays a significant role in keeping institutions that provide finance in a very steady and firm condition. Banks can enjoy excellent stability when financial inclusion is attained. It also helps in minimising the distance between financial institutions and customers, and this, in turn, assists in maintaining a healthy relationship. With financial inclusion, every economic agent in the nation will have the ability to make use of formal financial services and move towards the overall development of the economy.


14. What are the main challenges of Financial Inclusion?

Ans: The main challenges of Financial Inclusion are mentioned below: (i) Bank services do not have enough support for scalability, (ii) The technology adoption is limited, (iii) The lack of the availability of documents for the purposes of banking activities, (iv) Almost minimal financial literacy, (v) In the case of rural areas, telecom connectivity and infrastructure are poor.


15. Explain two role of NABARD for miocro Finance?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


16. Give two Functions of NABARD?

Ans: NABARD was established as a development bank to perform the following functions: (i) To serve as an apex financing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting various developmental activities in rural areas, (ii) To take measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions and training of personnel. 


Long Question Answer :


1. Discuss Five Role of Microfinance?

Ans: Role of Microfinance: (i) Microfinance provides finance to the poor people for carrying out their economic activities and helps them to meet the basic needs of life, (ii) Microfinance helps the poor people to increase their income, savings and standard of living, (iii) Microfinance provides employment to the poor people by providing self employment opportunities in various sectors and activities, (iv) Microfinance protects the poor people against the risks by providing life insurance and assets insurance, (v) Microfinance helps in alleviating poverty by providing affordable financial services.


2. Discuss the Characteristics of Microfinance Clients?

Ans: Characteristics of Microfinance Clients: (i) Microfinance clients are generally poor people living in poverty, (ii) Microfinance clients are generally unaware of the various schemes and products which are available in the banks for the poor clients, (iii) Microfinance clients generally do not have easy access to finance for their activities and most of them do not have saving bank accounts with banks, (iv) Microfinance clients find it difficult to provide collateral security, margin, balance sheets and profit and loss accounts in the banks, (v) Microfinance clients cannot afford higher rates of interest and various charges levied by banks.


3. Give short Notes on the following:

(a) Micro Insurance: The term "microinsurance" typically refers to insurance services offered primarily to clients with low income and limited access to mainstream insurance services and other means of effectively coping with risk. More precisely, microinsurance is a means of protecting low income people against specific risks in exchange for a regular payment of premiums whose amount is proportional to the likelihood and cost of the relevant risk. The principal distinction from traditional insurance is in the targeting of low income people, which leads to distinct characteristics and objectives, including addressing the particular risks of low income people, affordability and inclusiveness, simplicity and clarity in documentation, accessible processes, and building trust among target clients. Microinsurance is insurance with low premiums and low caps/ coverage. In this definition, "micro" refers to the small financial transaction that each insurance policy generates. "General micro insurance product means health insurance contract, any contract covering the belongings, such as, hut, livestock or tools or instruments or any personal accident contract, either on individual or group basis, as per terms stated in Schedule- I appended to these regulations"; and "life microinsurance product" means any term insurance contract with or without return of premium, any endowment insurance contract or health insurance contract, with or without an accident benefit rider, either on individual or group basis, as per terms stated in Schedule-II appended to these regulations as those within defined (low) minimum and maximum caps. The Indian Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDAI) characterizes microinsurance by the product features. This is further complemented by their definition for microinsurance agents, those appointed by and acting for an insurer, for distribution of microinsurance products (and only those products). Microinsurance is synonymous to community-based financing arrangements, including community health funds, mutual health organizations, rural health insurance, revolving drugs funds, and community involvement in user-fee management. Most community financing schemes have evolved in the context of severe economic constraints, political instability, and lack of good governance.  


(b) Micro Credit: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


(c) MUDRA Bank: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


4. Explain the Advantages of Self Employment and Talent Utilization - SETU Scheme?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


5. Explain the Disadvantages of Self Employment and Talent Utilization SETU Scheme?

Ans: (a) Increase in Risk: It is your responsibility to make sure you always have work to do. This means you may sometimes be without work and income. Though under this scheme, the individuals get a loan at a cheaper rate. But during the recession period, that little interest can be a big burden.

(b) Lack of Employee Benefits: Most of the individuals in this current era want to enjoy monetary as well as non-monetary benefits. But under this scheme, there is least or no benefits as received under employment contracts.

(c) Start from the Scratch: Establishing business and building a client base can be a tiring and frustrating process. You need determination to succeed and perseverance.

(d) Lack of finance in the rural area: Nobody can deny that most of the unemployed youth belong to rural India. This program aims at providing funds, but the sad part is that its reach is still limited to the urban areas. Most of the rural areas are deprived of funds to start a new business.

(e) Continuous Running Costs: One can go for several months without earning a profit, and one always has to pay running costs such as rent, insurance, and internet access. Hence, it program may lead to an increase in burden on the individuals in the initial phase of the business. In extreme cases, it also leads to an increase in the NPA of the government. 


6. Explain the Emerging Risks and Challenges in Microfinance?

Ans: Emerging Risks and Challenges in Microfinance

(A) Financial Risks: Most MFIs focus on financial risks, including credit, liquidity, Interest rate, and investment risks. Mentioned under are the risks which are very critical for the MFIs.

(i) Credit Risk: Credit risk, the most frequently addressed risk for MFIs, is the risk to earnings or capital due to borrowers' late and non-payment of loan obligations. Credit risk encompasses both the loss of income resulting from the MFIs inability to collect anticipated interest earnings as well as the loss of principle resulting from loan defaults. Credit risk includes both transaction risk and portfolio risk.

(ii) Transaction Risk: Transaction risk refers to the risk within individual loans. MFIs mitigate transaction risk through borrower screening techniques, underwriting criteria, and quality procedure for loan disbursement, monitoring, and collection.

(iii) Portfolio Risk: Portfolio risk refers to the risk inherent in the composition of the overall loan portfolio. Policies on diversification, maximum loan size, types of loans, and loan structures lessen the portfolio risk.

(iv) Liquidity Risk: Liquidity risk is the risk that an MFI cannot meet its obligations on a timely basis Liquidity risk usually arises from management,,s inability to adequately anticipate and plan for changes in funding sources and cash needs. Efficient Liquidity Management requires maintaining sufficient cash reserves on hand while also investing as many funds as possible to maximize earnings.


7. Explain the Objectives of Financial Inclusion?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


8. Explain the Goals of Financial Inclusion for Women Empowerment?

Ans: Financial inclusion is very particular about including women in financial management activities of a household. Financial inclusion believes that women are more capable of handling finances efficiently when compared to men of a house. Hence, financial inclusion activities target women by helping them get started engaging in financial management. There are many houses where women are not permitted to be involved in managing money. They are controlled by the men of the house and are asked to take care of only the domestic chores. Many conservative people in India believe that women are not capable of handling money. With the help of financial inclusion, the government, as well as non-governmental agencies, intend to get rid of this mentality. Financial inclusion is encouraging women to take up more employment opportunities and be financially independent. It also explains that women will not have to rely on men for money. They also do not have to wait for men's permission to do anything. Financial inclusion intends to empower women belonging to low-income groups by increasing financial awareness among them. Women are also taught in simple ways to save their money for future purposes. They are provided with exposure to multiple affordable savings instruments. They are also taught about the various forms of credit available in the market. These forms of credit will help them start up a new small business venture or take up a training course to apply for a new occupation. This will also increase their monthly income. Financial inclusion is also making many women get mobile phones for their own usage. In several parts of the nation, only men had their own mobile phones and women had to depend on these men. Over the past few years, women have started to own mobile phones and have started to use them for work purposes, business purposes, and financial requirements. Many of them have started to utilise digital modes of payment and other financial operations with the help of mobile phones. This has simplified and quickened their transactions. The idea of financial inclusion is encouraging banks and other financial institutions to assist the unbanked sections of the society. Many of these institutions are also focussing on making women financially independent by providing special rates and exclusive discounts or other benefits. Many banks charge subsidised or discounted interest rates to women for their loan products. For savings accounts offered by certain banks and non-banking financial corporations, women depositors gain more interest on their deposits when compared to men.


9. Explain the Special Financial Products Offered for Attaining Financial Inclusion?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


10. Explain the role of NABARD in micro Finance?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


11. Explain the Functions of NABARD?

Ans: Credit Functions:

• Framing policy and guidelines for rural financial institutions.

• Providing credit facilities to issuing organizations

• Monitoring the flow of ground level rural credit.

Preparation of credit plans annually for all districts for identification of credit potential.

Development Functions:

• Help cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks to prepare development actions plans for themselves.

• Help Regional Rural Banks and the sponsor banks to enter into MoUs with state governments and cooperative banks to improve the affairs of the Regional Rural Banks.

• Monitor implementation of development action plans of banks.

Provide financial support for the training institutes of cooperative banks, commercial banks and Regional Rural Banks.

• Provide financial assistance to cooperative banks for building improved management information system, computerisation of operations and development of human resources.


12. Explain the Objectives of NABARD?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


13. Explain the Achievements of NABARD?

Ans: After the setting up of NABARD, there has been considerable increase in the rural finance and development of small scale and cottage industries. By way of short-term credit, nearly Rs. 4,000 crores has been distributed during 90's compared to Rs. 1,200 crores during 80's. By way of medium term finance, nearly Rs. 400 crores have been provided and they have been utilized mainly by States affected by natural calamities. In long-term loan, more than Rs. 240 crores have been sanctioned for contributing to the share capital of co- operative institutions. NABARD has also played a significant role in improving storage facilities for agricultural commodities in the country. It has also promoted the export of agricultural commodities which include vegetables and fruits. It has played a supplementary role in sustaining Green Revolution in the country. White Revolution and Blue Revolution in the form of increased milk production and fisheries have also been contributed by the sustained efforts of NABARD. India stands the top most country in the world in production of dairy milk.


Very Long Question Answer  10 MARK


1. Explain briefly the Operations of Financial Inclusion?

Ans: Under financial inclusion, the main aspect is access to financial sources. This can be broadly divided into credit, wealth creation, and contingency planning.

• According to the concept of financial inclusion, under the credit aspect, a low-income individual needs proper access to emergency loans, consumer loans, housing loans, and business livelihood loans at affordable rates.

. Under the wealth creation aspect, a poor individual should be able to make excellent savings and have access to reliable investment options that generate good returns. Every low-income household should also have basic financial literacy and understand the concept of risk in finance clearly.

Under the contingency planning segment of the financial inclusion system, a poor person should have access to funds that can be utilised exclusively in the future. It is not enough if these people have only means to improve their income and enhance their lifestyle. They should also have the right resources to be prepared for the future, especially when they get old. Many of the poor people may not be aware of retirement plans. They should be provided with affordable retirement plans that will give them good returns in the later stages of their lives.

• They should also be given insurable contingencies to keep themselves safe and secure. Many less fortunate people do not even think of taking a life insurance policy or a vehicle insurance policy due to the high costs involved. Insurers should offer insurance options at subsidised premiums to the economically weaker sections. These insurance policies will give them coverage and prevent them from paying exorbitant compensation costs when something unforeseen or unfortunate happens to them or their family. They should also be given buffer savings in order to be prepared and ready for unforeseen or emergency expenses. This way, they would not have to go to their relatives or friends or moneylenders for monetary support. They can be financially ready always. The Reserve Bank of India is promoting the establishment of Financial Literacy Centres (FLCs). It has made many modifications and revisions regarding the functioning of Financial Literacy Centres (FLCs). The rural branches of various scheduled commercial banks and financial literacy centres are now required to improve financial awareness on a larger scale and enhance their financial literacy activities by organising catchy and simple financial literacy camps. These camps can be held outdoors under a tree or in some other open space by having financial awareness camps on a monthly basis or more frequently. Financial literacy camps work towards imparting financial literacy and offering convenient financial access to low-income people of the society. With the objective of distributing the branches of scheduled commercial banks (SCBs), the RBI has instructed banks to establish their branches in Tier 2 to Tier 6 centres that have less than 1 lakh people. These branches can be opened with a general permission from the RBI. In Sikkim and North- Eastern states, scheduled commercial banks can set up branches without even getting any approval from the RBI. They are free to open any branch in these states. The RBI is also working to liberalise the functioning of commercial banks apart from regional rural banks (RRBs) so they can open branches in Tier 1 centres with a general permission. The central bank of the nation also asked banks to discuss and create Financial Inclusion Plans (FIPs). These plans will include details about staff employed, branches opened, facilities offered in each of these branches, steps being taken to convert the unbanked sections of the society to individuals with basic access to banking services, etc. The plan will also include information about no-frills accounts opened with each public or private bank. The RBI has been checking each bank's FIP with full dedication and providing them with constructive feedback. 


2. Explain the Objectives of Financial Inclusion?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


3. Explain the Main functions of NABARD?

Ans: Main functions of NABARD : (a) NABARD provides refinancing facilities to Commercial banks, State co-operative banks, Central Co-operative banks, Regional rural banks and Land Development banks, (b) It provides refinancing to agriculture, small scale industries and other village and cottage industries by lending to commercial banks, (c) It promotes rural industries, small scale and cottage industries including tiny sectors by providing loans to commercial and co-operative banks, (d) Special assistance is given by the bank for the promotion of small scale, cottage and village industries under service area approach, (e) The bills of commercial and co-operative banks are discounted to enable them to finance for agricultural operations, (f) The bank provides funds to State governments for undertaking developmental and promotional activities in rural areas. In order to promote rural development and to help the weaker sections, the bank refinances especially regional rural banks which are set up in backward areas in most of the States, (g) Towards long-term loan, the bank is providing loans to institutions involved in long-term agricultural loan against guarantee of State government, (h) The bank is also financing research and development of agricultural and rural industries, (i) The bank implements the policy of the Central Government and the RBI with regard to agricultural credit, (j) Provides finance for promoting non- form activities and employment in non-farm sectors for the purpose of reducing rural unemployment, (k) It strengthens the co-operative structure in the States by providing loans to both State co-operative banks and also to Land Development Banks, (1) It promotes minor irrigation projects by financing State Government's sponsored irrigation projects, (m) The bank is undertaking inspection work of Co-operative banks and Regional rural banks, (n) The bank has opened branches at all District headquarters by which it co-ordinates the District development programmes along with the district officials, (o) The bank also helps in the annual credit plan of the commercial banks and co-ordinates the activities of commercial and co-operative banks at the district level, (p) During natural calamities, such as droughts, crop failure and floods, the bank helps by refinancing commercial and cooperative banks so that the farmers tide over their difficult period. Thus, the bank is providing short-term, medium term and long-term loans for agriculture and rural development Ever since the setting up of NABARD, there has been a considerable increase in the distribution of agricultural credit both by commercial and co-operative banks. NABARD has also strengthened up the working of Regional rural banks.


4. Explain the Problems of Micro-finance prevailing in India?

Ans: (a) Deserving Poor are still not reached : The microfinance delivery models are notexclusively focused on those who are below the poverty line or very poor. Though the programme is spreading rapidly but with a slow progress in targeting the bottom poorhouseholds. About 50 per cent of SHG membersand only 30 per cent of MFI members areestimated to be below the poverty line. According to Ghate (2008), approximately 75 million households in India are poor and about 22 per cent of these poor households (i.e. 16.5million) are currently receiving microfinanceservices. The present study also shows that just 19 per cent of the programme participants wereBPL at the time of joining microfinance programme. Therefore, it can be said thatsubstantial groups of poor population have beenexcluded from availing the benefits of the programme. It may be due to a variety of reasonson both the sides, i.e. institutional and borrower. The SHG-BLP has no explicit social oreconomic benchmarks for inclusion of membersin the groups to be credit linked. Lack of specific benchmarks for group membership lead toinadequate poverty targeting. It is also found thatthe microfinance promoting institutions are also biased while selecting the programme members. In order to run the groups successively and toachieve higher repayment rates, they generallyselect the non-poor people as programme beneficiaries.

(b) Regional Disparity: It has been observed that the microfinance programme is mainly run by formal financialinstitutions with the help of SHGs. As a result, microfinance programme is progressing in thoseareas of the country where there is tremendousgrowth of formal financial institutions. Microfinance institutions were expected to reachthose areas where the formal banking systemfailed to reach and the poor people have todepend on the money-lenders in order to meettheir financial requirements. But actually, many big MFIs are activate in those states where the banking network is very strong. In the southernstates, such as Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala, the spread of SHG banklinkage programme as well as the MFI programme is very large. But the north andnorth-eastern region is almost neglected. Thesouthern India the spread of commercial bank branch network is the highest (27.94 per cent)and these states cover 48.15 per cent of the country's total SHG members and 54.77 per cent of the MFI members. So, approximately 50 percent of the total microfinance programme beneficiaries belong to these four south Indianstates. In contrast to this, in the north- easternregion of India, bank branch network is verylimited and the coverage of microfinance programme is just 2.93 per cent. The table alsoshows the region-wise branch network and themicrofinance members covered under SHG-Bank Linkage and MFI model in these differentregions. The table reveals that the microfinanceactivity had expanded in those regions where the banking network is strong.

(c) Limited Spread in Poorer States: The coverage of microfinance programme iscomparatively low in the states which have alarger share of the poor. Unfortunately, theseseven states, i.e. Orissa, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal, Madhya Pradesh (MP)and Uttar Pradesh (UP) are lagging behind inmicrofinance programme. These states holdapproximately 54.5 per cent of the total poor inIndia and have only 24.42 per cent of the totalSHGs of India. The SHGs of these seven stateshave received Rs. 31,938 million bank loanswhich is only 14.37 per cent of the total loansdisbursed to the SHGs in India up to 2008. If thenumber of MFI members are also included along with the SHG members, then the share of theseseven states further reduces to just 23.60 per centof total microfinance outreach in India thenumber of poor people in three southern states,i.e. Andhra Pradesh (AP), Tamil Nadu (TN) andKarnataka is only 13.61 per cent of the total poorof the country. But 43.86 per cent of the totalcredit linked SHGs in the country areconcentrated in these three states. They havemore than 66 per cent of the total bank loansdisbursed to SHGs in India. If the number ofMFI members is also included along with theSHG members then these three states have 45.78 per cent share of total microfinance outreach inIndia the reasons for this skewed distribution ofmicrofinance programme may be the intensesupport extended by the state governments, localculture and practice, and concentration of MFIs.

(d) High Interest Rates: Affordability of loan is equally important to theaccess of financial services to the poor.Economic fundamentals exhort that every borrower is interest sensitive and the capacity of borrowing decreases with increase in interestrates. High interest rates may prove to becounterproductive, and weaken the social andeconomic condition of poor clients. The highinterest rate charged by the MFIs from their poorclients is perceived as exploitative. The interestrates are not well regulated for private MFIs aswell as for formal banking sector. However, there are certain self-regulated interest ratesfixed by intermediate and apex institutions. 


5. Explain the main Resources of NABARD?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION


6. What is NABARD? Explain the Objectives of NABARD?

Ans: DOWNLOAD PDF FOR COMPLETE SOLUTION

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Gauhati University BCom 4th  Microfinance Notes  2024 

UNIT 

CONTENTS 

LINKS

I

Microfinance Meaning & Concepts

VIEW 

II

Microfinance Institutions

VIEW

III

Microfinance In India

VIEW

IV

Management of MFIs

VIEW

V

Legal and Regulatory Framework for Microfinance

VIEW

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