AHSEC H.S 2nd Year Geography Question Paper Solution 2022
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2022
GEOGRAPHY
(Theory)
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 21
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.
1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below: 1x4=4
(a) In which of the following continents the growth rate of population is highest? 1
(i) Europe
(ii) Africa
(iii) South America
(iv) Asia
Ans: Africa
(b) Which one of the following figures represents the working age-group of the population? 1
(i) 15 to 66 years
(ii) 15 to 65 years
(iii) 18 64 years
(iv) 15 to 59 years
Ans: (iv) 15 to 59 years
(c) Which one of the following scholars introduced the concept of Human Development? 1
(i) Prof. Amartya Sen
(ii) Ellen C. Semple
(iii) Dr. Mahabub-ul-Haq
(iv) Ratzel
Ans: (iii) Dr. Mahabub-ul-Haq
(d) India’s population as per 2011 census is - 1
(i) 1028 million
(ii) 3287 million
(iii) 3182 million
(iv) 1210 million
Ans: (iv) 1210 million
2. Answer very briefly: 1x4=4
(a) In how many categories the urban centres have been classified by census of India? 1
Ans:- According to the Census of India, urban centers in India are classified into 6 classes on the basis of population.
(b) In India, in between which months in English calendar of Kharif crops have been cultivated? 1
Ans:- In India, the season is popularly considered to start in June and end in October.
(c) Which type of energy sources are called sustainable energy sources? 1
Ans:- The most popular sources of sustainable energy are wind, solar and hydropower.
(d) What is agro-based industries? 1
Ans:- Agro-based industry involves the processing of raw materials from the farm and the farm into finished products for the market.
3. Answer in brief: 2x10=20
(a) Write two hill districts of Assam. 2
Ans:- Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao.
(b) Which two places were connected by the first railway line in India? 2
Ans:- Bari Bunder (Bombay) and Thane.
(c) Give two examples of non-metallic minerals. 2
Ans:- Sand and Marble.
(d) Name two Iron and Steel plants in India set up during the Second Five-Year Plan period. 2
Ans:- (i) Steel mills at Bhilai.
(ii) Steel mills at Durgapur.
(e) Name two major industrial regions of India. 5
Ans:- (i) Mumbai-Pune Region.
(ii) Hugli Region.
(f) Which two places of India are connected by the National Waterways No. 2?
Ans:- Dhubri and Sadiya.
(g) Name two major sea ports located in western coast of the Bay of Bengal. 2
Ans:- Chennai port and Ennore port.
(h) Mention two main sources of air pollution. 2
Ans:- Vehicle exhaust, industrial smoke from power plants.
(i) Name two primary economic activities. 2
Ans:- Hunting and animal rearing.
(j) Name two animal-based industries. 2
Ans:- Dairy and leather industry are two animal based industries.
4. Answer the following questions in about 100 words: (Any Nine) 3x9=27
(a) What do you understand by Planned Settlement? 3
Ans:- Planned settlements are settlements whose overall planned development includes road facilities, drainage, open spaces, public management patterns and more.
(b) Explain the importance of Rural-Urban population composition. 3
Ans:- The composition of rural-urban populations is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps in understanding the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of a country. The rural-urban divide affects access to basic amenities such as education, healthcare, sanitation, and infrastructure. Secondly, it influences the distribution of resources, including natural resources, in a country. This, in turn, has implications for economic development, political power, and social equity. Thirdly, it affects the pattern of migration, as people move from rural to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities and improved living standards. The resulting demographic changes can have significant impacts on the labor market, social structure, and cultural practices of both rural and urban areas. Thus, understanding the rural-urban population composition is crucial for policymakers to design and implement effective policies that can address the needs and aspirations of both rural and urban populations.
(c) Write the advantages and disadvantages of Air Transport System. 3
Ans:-
Advantages of Air Transport System:
Speed: Air transport is the fastest mode of transportation available, making it ideal for transporting goods and people over long distances in a short period of time.
Accessibility: Airports are located all over the world, making air transport accessible to almost any location, even those that are remote and difficult to reach by other modes of transportation.
Reliability: Air transport is highly reliable, with airlines adhering to strict schedules and offering multiple flights per day, ensuring that goods and people reach their destinations on time.
Disadvantages of Air Transport System:
Cost: Air transport can be expensive compared to other modes of transportation, making it inaccessible to many people and businesses.
Weather-dependent: Flights can be cancelled or delayed due to adverse weather conditions, which can disrupt travel plans and cause inconvenience to passengers and businesses.
Environmental impact: Air transport is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, which can have significant environmental impacts and contribute to climate change.
(d) Write the importance of Iron and Steel industries. 3
Ans:- Iron and Steel Industry:
(i) The development of iron and steel industry opened doors for rapid industrial development in India.
(ii) Almost all sectors of Indian industry depend heavily on the iron and steel industry for their infrastructure.
(iii) Without iron, we cannot make agricultural tools.
(e) Discuss the problems of water resources in India. 3
Ans:- When the water dries up, people cannot find enough to drink, wash, or feed crops, and economic decline can occur. In addition, inadequate sanitation – a problem for 2.4 billion people – can lead to deadly diarrheal diseases, including cholera and typhoid fever, and other water-borne diseases.
(f) What do you understand by non-conventional energy sources? 3
Ans:-Non-conventional energy sources refer to those sources of energy that are not derived from traditional fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. These sources of energy are often renewable and sustainable, making them attractive alternatives to conventional sources of energy. Examples of non-conventional energy sources include solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower. These sources of energy have the potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, which are finite and contribute to environmental degradation. The use of non-conventional energy sources is also important in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change. While there are challenges to implementing non-conventional energy sources, including infrastructure costs and intermittency, they offer significant potential benefits in terms of sustainability, energy security, and environmental protection.
(g) What do you understand by Mass Communication System? 3
Ans:- Mass communication system refers to the process of transmitting information, ideas, and messages to a large and diverse audience through various channels of communication. This system involves the use of mass media such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, internet, and social media to reach a large number of people at once. The aim of mass communication is to inform, educate, entertain, persuade, and influence the audience in various ways. Mass communication has a significant impact on society, culture, politics, and the economy, as it shapes public opinion and attitudes towards various issues. The development of mass communication has transformed the way we access and consume information, and has played a critical role in shaping the modern world.
(h) Mention the favourable geographical conditions found in Assam for jute cultivation. 3
Ans:- Assam now produces about 1/8th of the total jute production of the country. In 1990-2000, the state produced 657,000 bales of jute on 90,000 hectares of land. The latter constituted 3.02% of the total land under agriculture in the state. In 2000-01, Assam produced 6,68,000 bales of jute on 70,000 hectares of land. The yield per hectare was 1730 kg.
Jute, a cash crop, has a sensitive cultivation process that varies according to market demand and supply. Its production increased from 129,600 hectares to 1,178,200 bales in 1985-86, but fell to 367,400 bales in 1990-91 due to a decline in market demand. Assam, the largest jute producer in Northeast India, accounts for about 81% of the total area devoted to jute in the region. It is the second most important jute producer in the country after West Bengal, with 80,000 to 100,000 hectares of land dedicated to jute and producing around 800,000 to 900,000 bales of raw jute. Jute cultivation is concentrated in districts such as Dhubri, Goalpara, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamrup, Darrang, Marigaon, and Nagaon, with some production in Sontipur, Lakhimpur, and Karbi Anglong. The crop significantly contributes to the economy of the state, along with tea, oil, and timber.
(i) Write the main characteristics of climatic seasons of Assam. 3
Ans:- In general, the climate of the state of Assam is characterized by
(i) Temperature: The state of Assam enjoys a cool climate with the maximum temperature peaking in July-August at around 30°C and the minimum temperature during December-January ranging between 8°C to 15°C. The coldest temperature is recorded in January.
(ii) Humidity: The climate of the state is characterized by high humidity. While Vadimir Koppur describes it as a humid temperate Ganges type climate, local observations show that it differs from the typical 'CWG' climate of the Gangetic basin. Additionally, the winter season is dry, while the summer season is wet. The average humidity in Assam during summer is around 80%, decreasing to 65% to 70% from January to April.
(iii) Rainfall : Assam receives an average annual rainfall of 230 cm. The average annual rainfall during winter (December to February) is 6 cm, while during summer (March to May), it is around 64 cm. The maximum rainfall is experienced from June to September, with an average of 146 cm, while October and November receive about 14 cm of rainfall. The average rainfall in Assam is more than 230 cm, but the district experiences a period of drought. The eastern, central, and western parts of the state receive rainfall above 2.5 mm for 122 days, 106 days, and 130 days, respectively.
(j) Write a note on the tea industry of Assam. 3
Ans:- Assam's tea industry is a significant contributor to the state's economy, employing approximately 5.5 lakh workers and serving as the largest export-oriented sector and foreign exchange earner. In terms of tea production, Assam holds a preeminent position in India, accounting for 55.3% of the total tea-growing area and 53.9% of the total tea production in the country. Interestingly, the tea industry in Assam has an interesting history as it was the first capitalist enterprise initiated by the British during the early part of the 19th century, and it grew tremendously in the last three decades of the century, with an increase in capital investment from 5 million rupees to an estimated 210 million rupees by 1903. While there have been significant changes in the ownership pattern of the tea industry since India's independence in 1947, the Assam Tea Corporation Limited's formation in 1972 is an essential milestone in the industry's history in the state.
(k) Write the characteristics of the alluvial soils of Assam. 3
Ans:- Generally, the old alluvial soil is very deep with fine loam to coarse loam in texture. Piedmont soils are confined to the northern narrow zone along the Piedmont region of the Himalayan foothills. The soil is very deep and fine to loamy in texture.
5. Answer the following questions: (any three) 5x3=15
(a) Explain the characteristics of the four pillars of human development. 5
Ans:- The characteristics of the four pillars of human development are:-
(i) Equity: It means providing equal access to the opportunities available to all. It should be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income, and caste.
(ii) Productivity: Productivity in terms of human work. Such things should be continuously enriched by capacity building in efforts to increase knowledge of people and better health facilities to enhance efficiency.
(iii) Empowerment: Good governance and people-oriented policies are needed to empower the people. Empowerment of economically and socially disadvantaged groups is of particular importance.
(iv) Sustainability: Equal opportunities should be provided to all for sustainable human development. Every resource should be used in such a way that there is no shortage of resources for future generations.
(b) Explain the geographical factors influencing the distribution of population. 5
Ans:- The factors affecting the distribution and density of population in the world can be divided into three:
(I) Geographical factor
(II) Economic factors
(III) Social and cultural factors.
(I) Geographical Factors: The important geographical factors are:
(a) Availability of water: It is the most important factor for all living beings. Therefore, people prefer to live in areas where water is available especially fresh water. Fresh water plays a major role in the distribution and density of population in space.
(b) Landforms: People prefer to live on flat plains and gentle slopes. Uneven topography has always been a hindrance to all kinds of development. Therefore, these areas tend to have less population.
(c) Climate: Extreme climates like extreme hot or cold deserts are inconvenient for human habitation. Areas with a comfortable climate, where seasonal variation is not much, attract more people i.e., such areas are densely populated.
(d) Soil: Soils are important for agriculture and allied activities. Therefore, the areas where the soil is more fertile, the density of population is more there.
(II) Economic Factors:
(a) Minerals: Minerals are not available all over the world. Some areas are rich in minerals while some areas are devoid of minerals. Therefore, areas with more mineral deposits are densely populated.
(b) Urbanization: Cities provide better opportunities in every way. Therefore, all urbanized areas are densely populated.
(c) Industrialization: Industrialization provides employment opportunities and attracts many people. in other words, like the areas are densely populated.
(III) Social and Cultural Factors: There are many places found on the surface of the earth which attract more people because of their religious or cultural importance. Similarly- people move away from places where there is social and political unrest. Thus, such social and cultural factors are also responsible for high population or low population density of an area.
(c) What do you understand by tourism industry? Discuss the factors affecting tourism industry. 2+3=5
Ans:- The tourism industry refers to the set of businesses and organizations that provide services and facilities for travelers and visitors. This includes transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, activities and attractions, and other related services. The tourism industry is a vital component of many national and regional economies, as it generates income and creates employment opportunities.
Factors affecting the tourism industry can be summarized as follows:
A) Economic Factors:
Economic stability and growth of the country
Exchange rates and currency fluctuations
Inflation rates and cost of living
Availability of financing and credit
B) Political Factors:
Political stability and security
Government policies and regulations
Taxation policies and incentives
Visa requirements and border controls
C) Environmental Factors:
Climate and weather conditions
Natural disasters and hazards
Environmental degradation and pollution
Conservation and preservation efforts
D) Socio-Cultural Factors:
Cultural heritage and attractions
Social attitudes and values
Demographics and population trends
Lifestyle and leisure trends
All these factors have a significant impact on the tourism industry, both in terms of the number of visitors and their spending patterns. Understanding these factors is essential for policymakers, tourism businesses, and travelers to make informed decisions and plan for the future.
(d) Draw an outline map of India and mark the location of the following therein: 2+3=5
(i) A sea port in the west coast
(ii) A petroleum refinery
Ans:-
(iii) An iron and steel plant.
Ans:-
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About AHSEC Class 12 Geography Question paper Solution 2022
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