Srimanta Sankaradeva (1449-1568) stands tall as a multifaceted genius in the cultural and religious history of Assam. His contributions as a Vaishnav saint, scholar, poet, playwright, dancer, musician, and reformer have left an indelible mark on the region’s ethos.
Early Life and Education of Srimanta Sankaradeva
Born into the Shiromani Baro Bhuyan’s family near Bordowa, Sankaradeva was raised by his grandmother, Khersuti, after his mother’s early demise. He began his formal education at the age of 12, and it was at this tender age that he penned his first verses, “Karatala Kamala Kamaladala Nayana,” invoking the Lord to alleviate sorrows.
Teenage Years and Responsibilities of Srimanta Sankaradeva
At 19, Sankaradeva left school to take on the mantle of Shiromani Bhuyan. He moved to Bordowa, where he wrote ‘Harishchandra Upakhyan’ and produced the dance-drama ‘Cihna Yatra.’ Despite facing challenges from neighboring tribes, he constructed a Dharmaghrha, a house of worship, marking the beginning of his religious reformations.
Marriage, Pilgrimage, and Spiritual Awakening of Srimanta Sankaradeva
Sankaradeva’s early 20s were marked by personal loss and spiritual quest. After the death of his wife Suryavati, he embarked on a 12-year pilgrimage, immersing himself in the Bhakti movement. It was during this period that he composed his first Bargeet at Badrikashrama, a hymn in praise of Lord Narayana.
Srimanta Sankaradeva's Return to Assam and Religious Focus
Upon his return, Sankaradeva refused to reclaim his leadership position and instead married Kalindi at the age of 44. He constructed the first Naamghar, a prayer hall, and focused on preaching the Bhagavata Purana, emphasizing devotion over salvation and opposing idol worship.
Later Years: Challenges and Teachings
Sankaradeva’s later years were tumultuous, with political challenges and religious debates. Despite facing the displeasure of the Ahom king and personal tragedies, he continued to propagate his teachings, meeting his spiritual successor Madhavadeva and initiating many into his fold.
Cultural Reforms and Literary Contributions of Srimanta Sankaradeva
Sankaradeva opposed class distinctions and social barriers, advocating for the singing and recitation of Bhajans. He wrote the ‘Kirtan Ghosha’ and introduced the Ankiya Naat, staging the cultural performance ‘Cihna Yatra.’ His philosophical teachings emphasized unqualified devotion to Lord Krishna and the propagation of Eka-Sarana-Hari-Nama-Dharma.
Final Years and Enduring Legacy of Srimanta Sankaradeva
In his final years, Sankaradeva settled at Patbausi and faced arrest for spreading his new religion. He passed away in 1568 at Bheladonga, aged 120. His legacy lives on through institutions like the Srimanta Sankaradeva Sangha and Srimanta Sankaradeva Kalakshetra, which preserve and promote Assamese culture.
Sattriya Dance: A Classical Legacy
Sankaradeva’s conception and development of Sattriya dance, preserved by the sattras, is now recognized as one of the classical dance forms of India. This dance form, sometimes referred to as Sankari dance by devout followers, is a testament to Sankaradeva’s enduring cultural impact.