AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Solved Question Paper 2024 [ HS 2nd Year, Assam Board]

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Key Details of the Solved Question Paper:

• Board Name: AHSEC/ASSEB
• Class: 12th Standard
• Subject: Political Science
• Medium: English
• Exam Year: 2024
• Exam Mode: Offline

AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Solved Paper 2024 by The Treasure Notes

Below is the detailed solution of the AHSEC/ASSEB Class 12 Political Science Question Paper 2024. Read it carefully, note down important points, and prepare confidently for your exams.

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2024

POLITICAL SCIENCE

(For New Course students)

(Full Marks: 80)

Pass Marks: 24

The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.

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PART - A (Contemporary World Politics)

1. Answer any six from the following questions: 1×6-6

(a) When India did economic reforms?

Ans:- Economic reforms in India were initiated in 1991 as a response to a severe balance of payments crisis.

(b) What is the name of the common currency of European Union?

Ans:- The common currency of the European Union is the Euro.

(c) Write any one threat to human security.

Ans:- A threat to human security is climate change.

(d) What is the full form of SAARC?

Ans:- The full form of SAARC is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

(e) Which day is celebrated as the World Environment Day?

Ans:- World Environment Day is celebrated every year on 5 June.

(f) Which Earth Summit made environment an important issue in World Politics?

Ans:- The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro was the Earth Summit that made environment an important issue in world politics.

(g) When was ASEAN Regional Forum established?

Ans:- The ASEAN Regional Forum was established in 1994.

(h) How many countries signed the UN Charter when it was formed?

Ans:- When the United Nations Charter was formed in 1945, a total of 51 countries signed it.

(i) When was the United Nations Organisation (U.N.O.) established?

Ans:- The United Nations Organisation (U.N.O.) was established on 24 October 1945.

(j) China adopted an 'Open Door Policy'. Write yes or no.

Ans:- Yes, China adopted the 'Open Door Policy'.

2. Answer any five from the following questions: 2x5= 10

(a) Who was the first Secretary-General of U.N.O.? Where is the Head-quarters of U.N.O.?

Ans:- The first Secretary-General of the United Nations was Trygve Lie, a Norwegian politician. The headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York City, USA.

Or

Name two NGOs which are concerned with the Protection of Human Rights all over the world.

Ans:- There are two major NGOs globally concerned with protecting human rights:-

(i) Amnesty International: a global human rights organization that investigates and exposes human rights abuses, advocates for change and provides essential healthcare in emergencies.

(ii) Human Rights Watch: an international non-governmental organization that researches and advocates for human rights. It investigates and exposes human rights abuses, holds abusers accountable and lobbies for policy changes to address the root causes of human rights issues.

(b) Write two differences between migrants and refugees.

Ans:- Difference between Migrants and Refugees:-

(i) Definition: Migrants are individuals who move from one place to another, often for economic reasons, while refugees are people who flee their country because of persecution, war or violence.

(ii) Legal status: Migrants have no specific legal status and may choose to return home, whereas refugees are protected under international law and may not return to their country safely.

(c) Which two countries signed Farakka Treaty?

Ans:- The two countries that signed the Farakka Treaty are India and Bangladesh. The treaty was signed in 1996 to address water sharing from the Ganges River.

(d) What do you mean by environment awareness?

Ans:- Environmental awareness refers to the understanding and knowledge of environmental issues, including the impact of human activities on the environment. It includes recognising the importance of protecting natural resources and promoting sustainable practices to ensure a healthy planet for future generations.

(e) Name any two member-states of ASEAN.

Ans:- Two member countries of ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) are Indonesia and Thailand.

(f) Write the name of two countries which emerged after Soviet disintegration.

Ans:- Two countries that emerged after the dissolution of the Soviet Union are Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

Or

What is meant by Second World?

Ans:- The term Second World historically refers to the countries that were allied with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, generally consisting of the communist states of Eastern Europe and parts of Asia.

3. Answer any three from the following questions:   4x3=12

(a) Discuss the effects of globalisation in underdeveloped nations.

Answer:- Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of economies, societies, and cultures across the world. Its effects on underdeveloped nations can be both positive and negative:

Positive Effects:

1. Economic Growth: Access to international markets, foreign investments, and advanced technology can boost economic development.

2. Employment Opportunities: Globalization creates job opportunities, especially in industries like IT, manufacturing, and services.

3. Cultural Exchange: It promotes cultural awareness and exchange of ideas.

Negative Effects:

1. Economic Inequality: Benefits of globalization are often unevenly distributed, widening the gap between rich and poor.

2. Exploitation of Resources: Multinational companies may exploit natural resources, causing environmental damage.

3. Loss of Cultural Identity: Globalization can lead to the erosion of traditional cultures and values.

(b) What is meant by ‘Global Commons’? Suggest two steps for protection of Global Commons.

Answer:- Global Commons: The term 'Global Commons' refers to resources or areas that are beyond the national jurisdiction of any single country and are shared by all nations. Examples include the high seas, the atmosphere, outer space, and Antarctica.

Steps for Protection:

1. International Agreements: Implementation of treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement to address environmental concerns.

2. Sustainable Practices: Promoting sustainable development and responsible resource usage through global cooperation.

OR

Discuss the causes of environmental pollution.

Causes of Environmental Pollution:

1. Industrialization: Uncontrolled emissions from factories and industries lead to air and water pollution.

2. Deforestation: Large-scale deforestation disturbs ecosystems and contributes to global warming.

3. Urbanization: Rapid urban development results in increased waste generation and improper disposal.

4. Agricultural Practices: Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers contaminates soil and water.

(c) What are the functions of Security Council?

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the UN, responsible for maintaining international peace and security. Its main functions are:

1. Maintaining Peace and Security: Investigating disputes and recommending measures to prevent conflicts.

2. Authorizing Military Action: Approving military interventions to restore peace.

3. Imposing Sanctions: Imposing economic and diplomatic sanctions on countries violating international laws.

4. Peacekeeping Operations: Deploying peacekeeping forces in conflict zones.

(d) Explain the causes for the disintegration of Soviet Union.

Answer:- 

1. Economic Stagnation: The Soviet economy was heavily centralized and inefficient, leading to poor productivity and scarcity of goods.

2. Political Reforms: Gorbachev’s policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) weakened the Communist Party's control.

3. Ethnic Nationalism: Various ethnic groups demanded independence, leading to internal conflicts.

4. Failure in the Arms Race: Excessive spending on military and arms strained the Soviet economy.

(e) Discuss briefly about the components of the security strategy of India.

Answer:- India’s security strategy focuses on safeguarding its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national interests. The key components include:

1. Military Security: Maintaining a strong and modernized military force to counter external threats.

2. Internal Security: Combating terrorism, insurgency, and internal conflicts.

3. Economic Security: Ensuring economic stability and energy security.

4. Strategic Partnerships: Building alliances with key global players for geopolitical balance.

5. Cybersecurity: Protecting critical information infrastructure from cyber threats.

4. Answer any two from the following questions:    6x2=12

(a) Discuss the importance and relevance of SAARC.

Answer:- The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation among South Asian nations. Its relevance and importance include:

1. Economic Cooperation:

• Facilitates trade and investment among member countries.

• Initiatives like the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) aim to reduce trade barriers.

2. Poverty Alleviation:

• Supports projects and programs to improve living standards and reduce poverty.

3. Regional Stability:

• Promotes dialogue and peaceful resolution of conflicts among member nations.

4. Collaboration on Common Issues:

• Joint efforts to tackle challenges like climate change, terrorism, and natural disasters.

Despite its potential, SAARC faces challenges like political tensions, especially between India and Pakistan, and a lack of effective implementation of agreements.

Or

Write a note on India-Pakistan relationship.

Answer:- The relationship between India and Pakistan has been marked by hostility since their independence in 1947 due to issues like:

1. Territorial Disputes: The Kashmir conflict remains a primary point of tension.

2. Cross-Border Terrorism: India accuses Pakistan of supporting terrorism, especially in Jammu and Kashmir.

3. Trade and Diplomatic Stalemates: Economic ties have been minimal due to strained relations.

However, efforts for dialogue and peace-building, such as the Shimla Agreement (1972) and the Agra Summit (2001), reflect the potential for reconciliation.

(b) What are the main pillars of ASEAN? Discuss elaborately.

Answer:-  The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is based on three primary pillars to ensure regional integration and development:

1. ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC):

• Promotes peace, security, and stability in the region.

• Encourages peaceful dispute resolution and defense cooperation.

2. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC):

• Aims to create a single market and production base.

• Enhances economic integration by reducing trade barriers.

3. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC):

• Focuses on building a people-centered community.

• Addresses issues like education, health, and disaster management.

These pillars collectively support ASEAN’s vision of a cohesive and resilient regional community.

(c) Discuss China’s role in World Politics.

Answer:- China plays a significant role in global politics due to its growing economic, military, and geopolitical influence.

1. Economic Influence:

• As the world’s second-largest economy, China is a key player in global trade and investment.

• Initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) enhance its connectivity and influence.

2. Military Power:

• China has a modern and powerful military, with a focus on expanding its naval presence in the South China Sea.

3. Global Organizations:

• Active participation in institutions like the United Nations and World Trade Organization.

• Permanent member of the UN Security Council.

4. Regional Dominance:

• Assertive policies in Asia, particularly in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the South China Sea, have significant geopolitical implications.

5. Soft Power:

• Expanding cultural and educational ties through programs like Confucius Institutes.

China’s rise has led to a reshaping of the global order, with both opportunities and challenges for other nations.

PART – B (Politics in India since Independence)

5. Answer any six from the following questions:     1x6=6

(a) Name a major project that was included in the First Five Year Plan.
Answer: Bhakra Nangal Dam.

(b) In which year, era of coalition government started in centre?
Answer: 1989.

(c) At present which institution has replaced the Planning Commission of India?
Answer: NITI Aayog.

(d) Which party led National Democratic Alliance?
Answer: Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

(e) Under which government Mandal Commission was appointed?
Answer: Janata Party government.

(f) In which year Nagaland state was created?
Answer: 1963.

(g) Simla Agreement was signed between India and _______. [Fill in the blank]
Answer: Pakistan.

(h) In which year, internal emergency was declared for the first time in India?
Answer: 1975.

(i) In which year State Re-organisation Commission was formed?
Answer: 1953.

(j) Name the Agreement signed between Lal Bahadur Shastri and General Ayub Khan in 1966.
Answer: Tashkent Agreement.

6. Answer any five from the following questions:    2x5=10

(a) Write a short note on ‘Privy Purses’.
Answer: Privy Purses were annual payments made by the Government of India to the erstwhile royal families after the abolition of their ruling powers post-Independence. It was a part of the agreement for the integration of princely states into India and was abolished in 1971.

(b) Mention two causes for the rise of communalism.
Answer:

1. Partition of Bengal (1905): This created division between Hindus and Muslims.

2. Economic Inequality: Unequal distribution of resources among different communities fueled resentment.

(c) What is ‘Grand Alliance’ in the context of Indian politics?
Answer: The Grand Alliance was a coalition formed by multiple opposition parties in 1971 to challenge Indira Gandhi's Congress Party in the general elections.

(d) Write two features of New Economy Policy.
Answer:

1. Liberalization: Removal of restrictions and licensing in industries.

2. Privatization: Transfer of ownership from the public sector to the private sector.

(e) When was the Election Commission of India formed? Who was the first Chief Election Commissioner?
Answer:

• Formed: 25th January 1950.

• First Chief Election Commissioner: Sukumar Sen.

Or

Mention any two ideologies of Bharatiya Jana Sangha.
Answer:

1. Advocating Hindu nationalism (Cultural Nationalism).

2. Promoting a unitary system of governance instead of federalism.

(f) Mention two solutions of the problem of regionalism.
Answer:

1. Economic Development: Ensuring equitable distribution of resources across regions.

2. Decentralization: Strengthening local governance to address regional aspirations.

Or

Write two causes of the emergence of regionalism.
Answer:

1. Economic Disparity: Uneven development among states fuels regionalism.

2. Cultural Identity: Preservation of language, culture, and traditions often leads to regional demands.

7. Answer any three from the following questions:  4x3=12

(a) Discuss the role of the opposition party in India.
Answer:
The opposition party plays a crucial role in Indian democracy by ensuring accountability and balance of power. Key roles include:

1. Ensuring Accountability: Criticizes government policies and actions, ensuring transparency and accountability.

2. Policy Alternatives: Provides constructive suggestions and alternative solutions to national issues.

3. Protecting Public Interests: Acts as a voice for marginalized and minority groups, ensuring their concerns are addressed.

4. Safeguarding Democracy: Monitors the government to prevent misuse of power and uphold democratic principles.

5. Participating in Legislation: Debates and provides input on bills and policies, ensuring diverse perspectives.

(b) Why did the leaders of the Freedom Movement give importance to the principle of secularism?
Answer:

1. Unity in Diversity: India is a multicultural and multi-religious country; secularism ensures harmony among diverse communities.

2. Colonial Divide-and-Rule Policy: Leaders aimed to counter British policies that encouraged communal divisions.

3. Preventing Communalism: Secularism was seen as a safeguard against religious conflicts and communal violence.

4. Equality for All: It ensured that the state would treat all religions equally, fostering inclusivity and justice.

5. Modern Democratic Values: Leaders like Gandhi and Nehru emphasized secularism as a foundation for a democratic and progressive India.

Or

Explain the consequences of the partition of India.
Answer:

1. Mass Migration: Millions were displaced as Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs moved across the newly formed borders, leading to immense suffering.

2. Communal Violence: Partition caused widespread communal riots, resulting in loss of lives and property.

3. Creation of Pakistan: The partition led to the creation of two separate nations, India and Pakistan, based on religious lines.

4. Kashmir Dispute: The partition sowed the seeds of the ongoing conflict over the region of Jammu and Kashmir.

5. Economic Impact: The division disrupted trade networks, industries, and economic infrastructure, affecting both nations.

6. Psychological Trauma: It left a lasting impact on the collective psyche of people, with memories of violence and separation.

(c) Discuss the causes of the defeat of Congress in 1977.
Answer:
The Congress Party faced a major defeat in the 1977 general elections due to the following reasons:

1. Emergency Rule (1975–1977): The declaration of Emergency by Indira Gandhi led to the suspension of civil liberties, censorship of the press, and mass arrests, creating widespread dissatisfaction.

2. Authoritarian Governance: Policies like forced sterilization and slum demolitions during the Emergency alienated large sections of society.

3. Opposition Unity: Various opposition parties united under the Janata Party to challenge the Congress, presenting a strong alternative.

4. Public Resentment: People viewed the Emergency as an attack on democracy, leading to a loss of trust in the Congress leadership.

5. Rural Discontent: The rural population, especially farmers, felt neglected due to government policies and programs.

(d) Explain briefly the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections.
Answer:

1. Legacy of Freedom Movement: Congress was seen as the party that led India to independence, enjoying widespread trust and support.

2. Strong Leadership: Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru provided visionary leadership and stability, earning public confidence.

3. Organizational Strength: Congress had a strong presence across the country, with well-organized grassroots networks.

4. Weak Opposition: Opposition parties were fragmented, lacked resources, and could not pose a significant challenge.

5. Pro-People Policies: Congress implemented welfare-oriented policies like land reforms and industrialization, gaining public support.

Or

Explain the challenges that India faced after independence.
Answer:

1. Partition and Communal Violence: The partition caused mass displacement, communal riots, and refugee crises.

2. Integration of Princely States: Integrating over 500 princely states into the Indian Union was a major political challenge.

3. Economic Underdevelopment: India inherited a stagnant economy, with widespread poverty, unemployment, and lack of infrastructure.

4. Social Inequalities: Deep-rooted caste and gender inequalities posed hurdles to building a just society.

5. Border Disputes: Conflicts like the Kashmir issue with Pakistan and border tensions with China emerged soon after independence.

6. Building Democracy: Establishing a democratic framework and ensuring its success in a diverse and illiterate population was a monumental task.

(e) What were the British Indian states? How did they differ from Princely states?
Answer:

1. British Indian States:

• British Indian states referred to territories directly governed by the British colonial administration.

• These regions were ruled through British officials and followed British laws and policies.

2. Princely States:

• Princely states were semi-autonomous regions ruled by local kings or princes under British suzerainty.

• While the rulers managed internal affairs, they relied on the British for defense and foreign policy.

Key Differences:

Aspect	British Indian States	Princely States
Governance	Directly ruled by British officials.	Ruled by Indian princes under British suzerainty.
Laws and Policies	British laws applied.	Local rulers framed internal policies.
Autonomy	No autonomy; fully controlled by British.	Semi-autonomous in internal matters.

Or

What are the main principles of India’s foreign policy?
Answer:
India’s foreign policy is guided by the following principles:

1. Non-Alignment:

• India chose to remain non-aligned during the Cold War, avoiding alignment with any power blocs.

2. Panchsheel Principles:

• Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty.

• Non-aggression.

• Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.

• Equality and mutual benefit.

• Peaceful co-existence.

3. Promoting Peace:

• India advocates for global disarmament and resolution of conflicts through dialogue and diplomacy.

4. Support for Decolonization:

• India has historically supported anti-colonial movements and the independence of oppressed nations.

5. Strengthening International Organizations:

• Active participation in the UN and other global forums to promote multilateralism.

6. Economic Development:

• Using foreign policy to foster economic cooperation and trade relations.

8. Answer any two from the following questions:   6x2=12

(a) Discuss the main controversies around planned development in the early years of India’s independence.
Answer:
The early years of planned development in India, guided by the Planning Commission and the Five-Year Plans, saw various controversies:

1. Debate on Public vs. Private Sector:

• Critics argued that too much emphasis was placed on public sector investments, neglecting the potential of the private sector.

2. Agriculture vs. Industry:

• There was a debate over prioritizing heavy industries at the expense of agriculture, which employed a majority of the population.

• Farmers and rural communities felt neglected as industrialization took center stage.

3. Centralized Planning:

• The centralized nature of planning was criticized for ignoring regional disparities and local needs.

4. Resource Allocation:

• Controversies arose regarding unequal resource allocation, with certain regions feeling marginalized in favor of others.

5. Slow Economic Growth:

• The Nehruvian model of a mixed economy faced criticism for slow economic growth and inefficiency in public sector enterprises.

6. Neglect of Social Sectors:

• Critics pointed out the lack of focus on education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation in the initial plans.

(b) Discuss India’s relation with neighbouring countries.
Answer:
India shares complex and diverse relationships with its neighbors:

1. Pakistan:

• Tense relations due to the Kashmir conflict, cross-border terrorism, and multiple wars.

• Occasional efforts for peace, like the Simla Agreement (1972) and Lahore Declaration (1999).

2. China:

• Border disputes, including the 1962 war and skirmishes in areas like Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh.

• Strong economic ties but geopolitical competition in the region.

3. Nepal:

• Traditionally close ties, with open borders and shared cultural heritage.

• Recent tensions over territorial claims.

4. Bangladesh:

• Improved relations with agreements on water sharing, border issues, and trade.

• Cooperation in counter-terrorism and connectivity projects.

5. Sri Lanka:

• Close historical ties, but strained relations over India’s support to Tamil minorities during the civil war.

• Collaboration in trade and maritime security.

6. Bhutan:

• Friendly relations, with India playing a significant role in Bhutan’s development and defense.

7. Myanmar:

• Cooperation in counter-insurgency and connectivity projects.

• Issues with refugee crises and border security.

(c) Discuss the principles and challenges associated with the partition of the country.
Answer:
The partition of India in 1947 was based on the principle of creating two nations – India and Pakistan – for Hindus and Muslims, but it came with significant challenges:

Principles:

1. Two-Nation Theory: Partition was based on the idea that Hindus and Muslims constituted separate nations with distinct cultures and religions.

2. Self-Determination: It was believed that separate states would allow both communities to govern themselves according to their beliefs and needs.

Challenges:

1. Mass Displacement: Millions of people migrated across the borders, leading to immense suffering and a refugee crisis.

2. Communal Violence: The partition triggered widespread riots and massacres, claiming countless lives.

3. Territorial Disputes: Unresolved issues, such as the Kashmir conflict, continue to impact India-Pakistan relations.

4. Economic Disruption: The division of resources, industries, and infrastructure disrupted economic stability.

5. Political Instability: Both nations faced challenges in establishing governance and managing internal conflicts.

6. Human Trauma: The partition left a lasting psychological impact on the people, with families divided and homes lost.

Or

What is planning? What is its role on ‘Development’?
Answer:- Planning is a systematic process of setting goals, formulating strategies, and allocating resources to achieve economic and social development. It guides the government in making decisions for the nation's progress.

Role of Planning in Development:

1. Economic Growth: Ensures efficient use of resources to boost production and achieve balanced growth.

2. Reducing Inequalities: Focuses on reducing regional and social disparities through targeted policies.

3. Employment Generation: Identifies sectors to create jobs and reduce unemployment.

4. Infrastructure Development: Builds essential infrastructure like roads, power, and transportation for economic activities.

5. Social Development: Improves education, healthcare, and living standards.

6. Sustainability: Promotes environmentally sustainable development and resource conservation.

PART – C (For Old Course Students in lieu of Project Works)

9. Answer any two from the following questions:     5x2=10

(a) Briefly describe the goals of New International Economic Order (NIEO).
Answer:
The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was proposed by developing countries in the 1970s to create a more equitable global economic system. Its goals included:

1. Fair Trade: Ensuring better prices for raw materials and access to markets in developed countries.

2. Economic Sovereignty: Giving developing countries control over their natural resources.

3. Technology Transfer: Promoting the transfer of technology from developed to developing nations.

4. Aid and Assistance: Increasing financial aid and favorable loans to support development in poorer nations.

5. Reforming Institutions: Restructuring international economic institutions like the IMF and World Bank to make them more inclusive.

Or

Write briefly about Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
Answer:
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was founded in 1961 by leaders like Nehru, Tito, and Nasser to ensure that countries did not align with any major power blocs during the Cold War. Key points:

1. Independence: Maintained neutrality by avoiding alignment with either the US or USSR.

2. Peace and Cooperation: Promoted disarmament, peaceful coexistence, and global justice.

3. Support for Decolonization: Advocated for the independence of countries under colonial rule.

4. Economic Development: Emphasized cooperation among developing nations to promote economic growth and self-reliance.

(b) What are the different types of hegemony? Give examples of each of them.
Answer:

1. Hard Power Hegemony:

• Dominance through military force and coercion.

• Example: The US military interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan.

2. Economic Hegemony:

• Dominance through economic strength and influence.

• Example: The US Dollar being the global reserve currency.

3. Cultural Hegemony:

• Dominance through the spread of cultural values, norms, and ideologies.

• Example: The global influence of Hollywood and Western lifestyles.

4. Structural Hegemony:

• Dominance through creating and controlling international institutions and norms.

• Example: The role of the US in shaping the World Bank, IMF, and WTO.

(c) Discuss briefly the consequences of Globalisation.
Answer:

1. Economic Integration: Increased trade, investment, and interdependence between nations.

2. Cultural Exchange: Promoted cross-cultural interaction, but also led to the dominance of Western culture.

3. Technology Transfer: Accelerated the spread of technology across countries.

4. Income Inequality: Widened the gap between rich and poor within and between nations.

5. Environmental Challenges: Increased industrial activities leading to resource depletion and climate change.

Or

Do you think that United Nations Organisation (UNO) is a perfect international organisation? Give reasons.
Answer:
The UNO is not a perfect international organization, but it has made significant contributions:

1. Successes:

• Maintained peace through peacekeeping missions.

• Promoted human rights and humanitarian aid.

• Addressed global issues like health (WHO) and climate change.

2. Challenges:

• Inequitable power structure, with veto power concentrated in five permanent members of the Security Council.

• Inability to resolve major conflicts like those in Syria and Palestine.

• Limited enforcement mechanisms for its resolutions.

Thus, while the UNO plays a vital role, reforms are needed to make it more democratic and effective.

10. Answer any two from the following questions:      5x2=10

a) Why did the Narmada Bachao Andolan oppose the dam project in the Narmada Valley?

Answer:
The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) opposed the Sardar Sarovar Dam in the Narmada Valley due to its significant social, environmental, and economic impacts. The movement, led by activists like Medha Patkar, highlighted the issue of the displacement of thousands of people, particularly tribal communities, whose homes and lands would be submerged by the dam. The NBA argued that the government had failed to provide adequate rehabilitation plans for the affected people, leaving them without proper compensation or resettlement. Additionally, the environmental concerns included the loss of valuable forests, agricultural lands, and the disruption of the river's ecosystem, which would affect local biodiversity. The movement also raised concerns about the lack of sufficient water resources to justify the dam, as many of the promises made regarding irrigation and power generation were not deemed viable. NBA’s opposition focused on the social justice and environmental sustainability aspects of the project.

(b) What is Hung Parliament? Discuss the current political situation of India and frequent cases of Hung Parliament.

Answer:
A Hung Parliament refers to a situation where no single political party wins an outright majority in the legislature after elections. In such a scenario, parties may need to form coalitions or alliances with other smaller parties or independents to secure a majority and form a government. A hung parliament often leads to political instability and uncertainty.

In the current political situation in India, the rise of regional parties has increased the frequency of hung parliaments, especially at the state level. While the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has managed to secure a majority in the last few general elections, coalition politics have remained important. The general elections of 1989 and 1996 saw hung parliaments, where the Congress party and other major parties had to form coalitions with smaller parties to establish a government. The 2014 and 2019 elections, on the other hand, saw the BJP secure a clear majority, but India’s political system remains heavily reliant on regional and smaller parties, which sometimes lead to alliances being necessary at the state level. Hung parliaments indicate the fragmentation of the Indian electorate and the influence of regional aspirations.

Or

Discuss the importance of regional parties in coalition government.

Answer:

1. Forming Governments: Regional parties help form coalition governments when no single party secures a majority.

2. Influencing Policies: They ensure that regional issues, such as development and resource allocation, are included in national policies.

3. Balancing Interests: Regional parties balance local and national interests, preventing dominance by central parties.

4. Political Stability: They contribute to the stability of coalition governments by acting as key allies.

5. Representation: Regional parties give a voice to smaller states and communities, ensuring their concerns are heard at the national level.

(c) Explain briefly the politics and programme of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

Answer: The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is a right-wing political party that has emerged as one of India's most prominent political forces. It is ideologically rooted in Hindutva, or Hindu nationalism, which seeks to emphasize the cultural and religious dominance of Hinduism in the country. The BJP is part of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) family, which promotes Hindu cultural values and a strong, united India.

Politically, the BJP supports economic reforms that focus on liberalization, privatization, and market-driven growth, emphasizing initiatives such as Make in India, Digital India, and Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India). The party's economic agenda aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub and reduce dependence on imports. Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the BJP has advocated for national security and a tough stance on terrorism, especially in Jammu and Kashmir. The party emphasizes strong leadership and centralized governance, focusing on building a modern India while preserving its cultural roots.

In its social policies, the BJP has promoted initiatives like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) and Jan Dhan Yojana (Financial Inclusion) to improve sanitation and ensure banking access for the underprivileged. The party has faced criticism for its promotion of Hindu nationalism, which some view as divisive, particularly in the context of India's secular constitution. Despite this, the BJP remains a dominant force in national politics, with a significant support base among the urban middle class and rural voters.

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Must Read: Class 12 Political Science Solved paper 2023

Conclusion

This solved question paper is designed to help you understand and practice the key topics in your AHSEC Class 12 Political Science exam. Go through the solutions carefully, and make sure to revise regularly. We hope this helps you in your exam preparation.

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