Assam Board Class 11 Logic and Philosophy – Chapter 1: Logic MCQs and Complete Solution
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Group-A
LOGIC
Marks: 60
Unit-1: Logic
Marks: 10
Last 10 Years Short and Long Important Questions Unit-1 Of H.S 1st Year Logic and Philosophy
1-Mark Questions
Is it true that 'Logos' means thought as expressed in Language? (2011, 2012) ✅
Is symbolic Logic a developed form of Classical Logic? (2012) ✅
What is the ideal of Logic? (2013, 2016) ✅
State one of the advantages of the use of symbols in Logic. (2013) ✅
Define formal Science. (2014) ✅
Give an example of deductive inference. (2014) ✅
The word 'Logos' means ___. (2014) ✅
'Logic is a Normative Science' (Fill in the blank). (2014) ✅
Is it true that Logic is a Normative Science? (2014, 2017) ✅
Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(i) Whatever is formally true, is also materially true.
(ii) Whatever is materially true, is also formally true.
(iii) Whatever is formally true, may not be materially true. (2015) ✅
Find the correct answer:
Logic is a positive science/normative science/science. (2016) ✅
Find the correct answer:
Logic is a Science/an Art/both. (2017) ✅
2-Mark Questions
Give two examples of Normative Science. (2012) ✅
Mention two utilities of Logic. (2013, 2014) ✅
What is formal truth? (2012, 2014) ✅
What do you mean by Normative Science? (2015) ✅
What is Material truth? Give an example. (2018) ✅
3-Mark Questions
State three differences between Science and Art. (2012, 2013) ✅
Distinguish between immediate and mediate knowledge. (2012) ✅
State three characteristics of Science. (2013, 2014) ✅
State one important point of difference between Classical and Symbolic Logic. (2014) ✅
State two points of difference between Traditional Logic and Modern Logic. (2015, 2018) ✅
6-Mark Questions
Describe the Nature of Logic. (2017) ✅
Discuss the points of difference between Classical Logic and Symbolic Logic. (2016) ✅
Describe the scope of Logic. (2016) ✅
Explain the utility of the study of Logic. (2016, 2018) ✅
Miscellaneous
1. Definition of Logic and it's Meaning
i) What is science and inference with example.
2. Nature of Logic
(i) Logic is concerned with Mediate knowledge
(ii) Logic is concerned both with Formal and material truth.
(iii) Logic is both a Science and an Art.
(iv) Logic is the Science of sciences and Arts of Arts.
(v) Logic is a Normative Science not a positive Science.
3. Definition of knowledges and its kinds.
(i) Direct knowledge
(ii) Indirect knowledge
4. Formal and Material truth.
5. Various definition of Logic. - as
'Logic is the art of reasoning- Aldrich.
6. Scope of Logic- 'What logic discussed'.
7. Utility of Logic - why logic essential to learn.
8. Concept of Modern Logic
9. Differences between Traditional and Modern Logic.
Question and Answers (1 Mark Each)
Is it true that 'Logic' means thought as expressed in language? (2012)
Ans. Yes, it is true.Is symbolic logic a developed form of classical logic? (2012)
Ans. Yes.What is the ideal of logic? (2013/2015/2016)
Ans. Truth.State one important point of difference between classical and symbolic logic. (2014)
Ans. The use of symbols in classical logic is very limited compared to symbolic logic.Give an example of deductive inference. (2014)
Ans.All men are mortal.
Ram is a man.
Therefore, Ram is mortal.
The word 'Logic' means?
Ans. Thought.Logic is a normative science. (2014/2017)
Ans. True.Which one of the following statements is not correct? (2015)
(1) Whatever is formally true is also materially true.
(2) Whatever is materially true is also formally true.
(3) Whatever is formally true may not be materially true.
Ans. (1) Whatever is formally true is also materially true.Find out the correct answer: Logic is positive Science/Normative Science/Science. (1 mark, 2016) Answer: Normative Science.
Find out the correct one: Science/Normative Science/Both.
Ans. Both.Logic is a Science or an Art? (2017)
Ans. Both Art and Science.Term, proposition, argument, truth—all these are the subject matter of Logic.
Ans. True.Find the correct answer: Logic is concerned with mediate knowledge or immediate knowledge?
Ans. Mediate knowledge.Fill in the blank:
Logic is an _____
Ans. Art.According to Aldrich, Logic is -
Ans. Normative Science.Choose the correct one:
(a) Logic is concerned with perception or inference?
Ans. Inference.
(b) Logic is the study of morons, reality, or thought?
Ans. Thought.
(c) Logic is an Art, Science, or both?
Ans. Both Art and Science.
Which one is correct?
Ethics is a positive or normative Science?
Ans. Normative Science.Find the correct one: Logic is eligible or not eligible for correct thinking?
Ans. Eligible.'Logic is a Normative Science'—is it true?
Ans. True.Does Logic concern itself with truth?
Ans. Yes.
Is the statement "Logic is concerned with immediate knowledge" true?
Ans. No.Can Leibnitz be called the father of symbolic logic?
Ans. Yes.George Boole is a symbolic logician—is it true?
Ans. True.Is symbolic logic independent of and totally cut off from traditional logic?
Ans. No.Symbolic logic has a short history, but traditional logic has a long one. Is the statement true?
Ans. True.Mention one feature of symbolic logic.
Ans. The use of ideograms.Logic is concerned with ______ truth. (Fill in the blank)
Ans. Symbolic.The method of symbolic logic is ______. (Fill in the blank)
Ans. Deductive.
(2 Marks Each)
1. Give two examples of normative science. (2012, 2016)
Ans. (i) Ethics
(ii) Logic
2. Mention two utilities of logic. (2013, 2014)
Ans.
(i) The study of logic systematizes our thinking process.
(ii) The study of logic rectifies superstitions and dogmatic thought.
3. What is formal truth? (2012)
Ans. The truth which is self-consistent and free from self-contradiction among thoughts
4. Define formal science. (2013)
Ans. Formal science is a systematic study of knowledge relating to a particular department of nature.
5. What do you mean by normative science?
Ans. A science that deals with things as they should be, setting before itself a norm, and judging things from the standpoint of that ideal, is called normative science.
6. State two differences between traditional logic and modern logic. (2015, 2018)
Ans.
(1) Modern logic has a short history, but traditional logic has a long one.
(2) Symbols are used more extensively in modern logic than in traditional logic.
7. Define logic.
Ans. Logic is the science of thought as expressed in language.
8. What is science?
Ans. A science is a systematic body of knowledge relating to a particular department of nature.
9. Mention two elements of knowledge. (2015)
Ans.
(1) Ideas of the mind.
(2) Consistency or correspondence of the ideas with the existence of things in the world.
10. Mention two kinds of mediate knowledge.
Ans.
(1) Inference (Anumāna)
(2) Sound (Sabda)
11. What do you mean by formal truth?
Ans. Formal truth means self-consistency or freedom from self-contradiction.
12. What do you mean by material truth? (2018)
Ans. Material truth means the correspondence of thought with things of the actual world.
13. What is positive science?
Ans.A positive Science is one, which deals with things as they actually are:
14. What are the two main kinds of knowledge?
Ans.
(i) Perceptual knowledge (immediate)
(ii) Inferential knowledge (mediate)
15. What do you mean by mediate knowledge?
Ans. Mediate knowledge is that which is obtained through the medium of some other knowledge.
16. Define immediate knowledge.
Ans. Immediate knowledge is that knowledge which is derived from perception—both external and internal.
17. Mention one difference between immediate and mediate knowledge.
Ans.
(i) The basis of immediate knowledge is the sense organ, whereas the basis of mediate knowledge is perception.
18. Give the definition of 'Normative Science'.
Ans. A normative science is one which deals with things as they should be, judging things from the standpoint of a certain norm or ideal.
19. Mention one distinction between formal truth and material truth.
Ans.
(i) Formal truth is related to thought or ideas, whereas material truth is related to the objectivity of the world.
20. Mention two features of symbolic logic.
Ans.
(i) The use of deductive method.
(ii) The use of ideograms instead of phonograms.
21. Mention two similarities between traditional logic and modern logic.
Ans.
(i) Both aim at the formal truth of an argument.
(ii) Both are normative.
22. Mention the difference between science and art.
Ans. Science is concerned with the acquisition of knowledge, whereas art is concerned with practical skill to achieve a definite end.
23. What is material truth? Give an example.
Ans. Material truth means the correspondence of thoughts with things in the actual world.
For example, "Green leaves of a tree" is a statement of material truth.
24. What is formal truth? Give an example.
Ans. Formal truth means self-consistency or freedom from self-contradiction among thoughts themselves.
For example, "A round ball" is a statement of formal truth.
25. What do you mean by a variable?
Ans. A symbol that stands for any of a given range of values and whose truth values vary in its different uses is called a variable.
26. What do you mean by the deductive method?
Ans. The deductive method is a mathematical method in which, from a small number of statements, we derive more statements by applying a limited number of valid rules.
Question Answer (3-4 Marks Each)
1. State three differences between science and art. (2012, 2013, 2014)
Ans.
(i) Science is concerned with the acquisition of knowledge, whereas art is concerned with practical skill to achieve a definite end.
(ii) Science aims at knowledge for its own sake, whereas art formulates rules to apply knowledge into actual practice.
(iii) Science teaches us to know, whereas art teaches us to do.
2. Distinguish between immediate and mediate knowledge.
Ans.
(i) Immediate knowledge is derived directly through perception.
(ii) Mediate knowledge is obtained through the medium of other knowledge.
3. Immediate knowledge is direct knowledge, but mediate knowledge is indirect knowledge.
Ans.
(i) Immediate knowledge is knowledge derived directly through perception.
(ii) Mediate knowledge is knowledge obtained indirectly, through the medium of other knowledge.
(iii) The sense organ is the basis of immediate knowledge, while perception is the basis of mediate knowledge.
4. Define positive science with an example. (3 marks)
Ans. A positive science is one that observes the facts as they actually behave in nature and attempts to explain them by discovering the laws governing them.
For example, Physics is a positive science.
5. Give the definition of science with an example. (3 marks)
Ans. A science is a systematic body of knowledge that deals with things as they should be, judging things from the standpoint of a certain norm or ideal.
For example, Ethics and Logic are sciences.
6. What do you mean by logical form? (3 marks)
Ans. Logical form refers to the way in which different parts of an argument are put together and the logical relation that exists between these parts.
7. What are ideograms? (3 marks)
Ans. Ideograms are signs or symbols that directly represent an idea, and indirectly represent the sound or word associated with that idea.
8. What do you mean by material truth? Give an example. (3 marks)
Ans. Material truth means the correspondence of thoughts with things in the actual world.
For example, "Green leaves of a tree" is a statement of material truth.
9. Describe the scope of logic. (4-5 marks, 2013, 2016)
Ans.
(1) Logic is primarily concerned with thought.
(2) Logic discusses the problem of the proof of mediate knowledge.
(3) Logic also discusses terms, propositions, and arguments as its subject matter.
(4) Logic lays down certain rules for the attainment of valid reasoning and inference truth. So it deals with truth also.
(5) Logic includes centain fundemental principles of thought, law-of-identity, law of-contradiction and law-of-exclcuded middle.
10. What is logic? What are the fundamental principles of thought?
Ans.
Logic is the science which studies thought as expressed in language.
The fundamental principles of thought are:
(i) Law of Identity – Everything is identical to itself.
(ii) Law of Excluded Middle – For any proposition, either that proposition is true, or its negation is true.
(iii) Law of Contradiction – A proposition cannot be both true and false at the same time in the same context.
11. Give a suitable definition of logic and one reason for its satisfactoriness. (2+2=4 marks)
Ans.
A suitable definition of logic is:
"Logic is the science of the operations of the understanding which are subservient to the estimation of evidence, both the process itself of advancing from known truths to unknown and other intellectual operations in so far as auxiliary to this." – Mill
Mill's definition is satisfactory because it refers to truth, indicating that truth is the ideal of logic, and also defines logic as a normative science.
12. What do you mean by argument and the deductive method? (2+2=4 marks)
Ans.
Argument: An inference consists of propositions, in which we draw a conclusion from one or more premises.
Deductive Method: The method in which, from a small number of statements, we can generate an indefinite number of other statements by applying a limited number of valid rules is called the deductive method.
13. What is knowledge? How many kinds of knowledge are there, and what are they? (2+2=4 marks)
Ans.
Knowledge is the understanding or awareness gained from experience or reasoning.
There are two main kinds of knowledge:
(i) Immediate Knowledge – Knowledge derived directly from perception.
(ii) Mediate Knowledge – Knowledge derived through inference or the medium of other knowledge.
14. Mention shortly the four natures of logic. (2+2=4 marks)
Ans.
The nature of logic is:
(1) Logic is concerned with mediate knowledge, not with immediate knowledge.
(2) Logic is concerned with both formal truth and material truth.
(3) Logic is both a science and an art.
(4) Logic is a normative science, not a positive science.
15. Write four differences between modern logic and traditional logic. (4 marks)
Ans.
Differences between modern and traditional logic:
(i) Modern logic has a short history, whereas traditional logic has a long history.
(ii) Symbols are used more extensively in modern logic than in traditional logic.
(iii) Modern symbolic logic is both deductive and inductive, formal and material, while traditional logic is mainly deductive.
(iv) The scope of modern logic is very wide, whereas traditional logic has a limited scope.
16. What is knowledge? Write two differences between immediate and mediate knowledge. (4 marks)
Ans.
Knowledge is a system of ideas corresponding to a system of things, accompanied by a belief in such correspondence.
Differences between immediate and mediate knowledge:
(1) The source of immediate knowledge is sense object contact, whereas the source of mediate knowledge is inference.
(2) Immediate knowledge is primary, while mediate knowledge is secondary and dependent on perception.
(3) Immediate knowledge is derived directly through perception, while mediate knowledge is obtained through the medium of other knowledge direct perception of objects, but the mediate Knowledge is derived on the basis of perception.
Question Answers (6 Marks Each)
1. Describe the nature of logic. (6 marks, 2014)
Ans. Logic is a science which is expressed in language. The nature of logic can be described as follows:
(i) Logic is concerned with mediate knowledge, not with immediate knowledge: Knowledge is mainly of two kinds—mediate and immediate knowledge. Mediate knowledge is derived through other knowledge, while immediate knowledge is derived directly from perception.
(ii) Logic is concerned with both formal truth and material truth: The ideal of logic is to determine truth. Logic deals with both formal truth (internal consistency) and material truth (correspondence with the actual world).
(iii) Logic is both a science and an art: As a science, logic applies systematic methods in particular topics. As an art, logic covers all topics in its scope and aids in the development of reasoning skills.
(iv) Logic is a normative science, not a positive science: Unlike positive science, which deals with facts as they are, normative science like logic has an ideal, which is to determine the truth and correct reasoning.
2. Discuss the difference between classical and modern logic. (6 marks, 2017)
Ans.
The differences between classical and modern logic are:
(i) Symbol usage: In classical logic, symbols are used to a limited extent, whereas in symbolic logic, symbols are used extensively.
(ii) Methods: Classical logic used both deductive and inductive methods, while modern logic primarily uses the deductive method.
(iii) Analysis of propositions: The analysis of propositions in classical logic was inadequate, but modern logic provides a detailed analysis.
(iv) Model of propositions: In classical logic, the "subject-predicate" categorical proposition was treated as the model of a proposition. In modern symbolic logic, a proposition is just a statement or expression with meaning that can be analyzed in a formalized way.
3. Explain the utility of the study of logic. (6 marks, 2016, 2018)
Ans.
The study of logic is essential for various reasons:
(1) Introduction to Philosophy: Logic provides an introduction to the study of philosophy, offering abstract principles that are taken for granted in other sciences.
(2) Improved Communication: Logic helps us communicate clearly and rightly with others, ensuring we understand and express ideas accurately.
(3) Improvement of Expression: By using logic, we can express ourselves in a more structured and coherent manner.
(4) Problem Solving: Logic encourages the use of reasoning to solve problems, enhancing our analytical skills.
(5) Positive Argumentation: Through logic, we learn how to argue effectively to clarify or resolve confusion.
(6) Enhanced Thinking Capacity: Regular application of logic strengthens our thinking ability, improving our mental agility and clarity.
4. Define mediate and immediate knowledge with examples. (3×2=6 marks)
Ans.
Mediate knowledge is knowledge obtained through the medium of some other knowledge.
Example: "There is fire on the hill because there is smoke." Here, smoke is the medium through which we infer the presence of fire.Immediate knowledge is knowledge directly derived from perception, either external or internal.
Example: "The sun rises in the east." This is immediate knowledge derived directly from sensory perception of the natural world.
5. What do you mean by formal and material truth? Give an example of each. (6 marks)
Ans.
Truth is a concept that we often use to evaluate the validity of statements, beliefs, or propositions. Philosophically, truth can be categorized into two types: formal truth and material truth.
Formal Truth: Definition: Formal truth is a type of truth that is concerned with the internal consistency of ideas or propositions. It refers to a truth that is determined by the logical structure and relationships between the components of the statement, rather than its correspondence with the external world.
Characteristics: Formal truth is independent of the subject matter and only relies on the logical correctness of the proposition. It ensures that the components of a thought or argument do not contradict each other.
Example: "A round circle." This statement is an example of formal truth because the concept of a circle inherently requires it to be round. There is no contradiction in saying "round circle," as it is a self-consistent definition. The truth here lies in the fact that the statement conforms to the logical structure of the concept "circle."
Key Point: Formal truth is about consistency within the system of thought itself.Material Truth: Definition: Material truth, on the other hand, is concerned with the correspondence between thoughts or statements and the actual state of affairs in the external world. It focuses on how accurately a statement reflects or describes the reality of things outside our thoughts.
Characteristics: Material truth is verified by comparing the idea with the external world. It is empirical and based on facts and observations. If a statement corresponds with the real-world situation, it is said to be materially true.
Example: "The sky is blue." This is a statement of material truth because it corresponds to the actual appearance of the sky during the day, as observed by our senses. The truth of the statement lies in its alignment with the objective reality—the color of the sky in certain conditions.
Key Point: Material truth is about how well a statement matches the objective reality or the actual world.
Summary of Differences:
Formal Truth deals with the consistency of ideas within a system or proposition, without any reference to the external world.
Example: "A round circle."
Material Truth refers to how well a statement corresponds to the actual state of affairs in the real world. Example: "The sky is blue."
6. Mention three differences between formal and material truth. (6 Marks)
Ans: Following are the three differences between formal and material truth
(1) Formal truth means self-consistency or freedom from self-contradiction among thoughts. Material truth refers to the correspondence of thoughts with the things of the actual world.
(2) Formal truth is related to the relation between thought and ideas, while material truth deals with the relation between thought and facts.
(3) Formal truth is associated with formal logic, whereas material truth is related to material logic.
7. What are the characteristics of modern logic? (6 Marks)
Ans:
The characteristics or features of modern or symbolic logic are:
(1) The use of ideograms as signs, which directly represent concepts instead of phonograms. For example, 'x' or '*' are ideograms used in place of phonograms like the multiplication sign or division sign.
(2) The use of the deductive method. Deduction is a method where, from a small number of statements, we can generate more statements by applying a limited number of rules.
(3) The use of variables with a definite range of significance, such as 'x', 'y', and constants like '>', '=', '0', 'v', '=', '~', among others.
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