Assam Board Class 11 Logic and Philosophy – Chapter 2:Term, Proposition, Modern Proposition MCQs and Complete Solution
We have provided answers for each chapter of HS 1st year Logic and Philosophy Chapter 2 Term, Proposition, Modern Proposition MCQs and Complete Notes in a list format, making it easy for you to navigate through different topics. You can also read the ASSEB SCERT book online, along with expert-prepared solutions that follow SCERT guidelines. These AHSEC Class 11 Logic and Philosophy Unit- 2 Term, Proposition, Modern Proposition MCQs and Complete Solutions are part of ASSEB DIVISION -I subject-wise answer collection.
Here, we offer Assam Board ASSEB Class 11 Logic and Philosophy – Unit- 2: Term, Proposition, Modern Proposition MCQs and Complete solutions and important questions for all subjects. You can practice them here to enhance your understanding.
Short and Long Questions from the Last 10 Years
State one important point of difference between sentence and proposition.
(1 mark, 2017)Define universal proposition with a suitable example.
(2 marks, 2017)Distinguish between categorical and conditional proposition.
(4 marks, 2017/2018)Write a short note on the four-fold classification of propositions.
(4 marks, 2017/2018)The copula of a proposition is a term—is it true?
(1 mark, 2016 / 4 marks, 2017)What is a proposition according to Aristotle? What are the different parts of a proposition?
(4 marks, 2016)Distinguish between sentence and proposition.
"Every sentence is a proposition, but every proposition is not a sentence"—is it correct?
(1 mark, 2015)"All players are not tall"—this sentence is equivalent to which of the following propositions?
(a) No player is tall
(b) Some tall persons are players
(c) Some players are not tall
(d) Some players are tall
(4 marks, 2016/2018)In which type of proposition are both subject and predicate terms distributed?
(1 mark, 2015)By which of the following is the quality of a proposition determined?
Define negative proposition with a suitable example. (2 marks, 2018)
Give the definition of categorical proposition with an example. (1+1=2 marks, 2015)
Explain with illustration the various parts of a logical proposition. (3 marks, 2013)
Briefly explain and illustrate each of the different kinds of propositions classified according to the mixed principle of quantity and quality. (4 marks, 2015)
What is a hypothetical proposition? How do you determine the quality of this kind of proposition? Briefly explain with the help of a suitable example. (4 marks, 2015)
How do you determine the quality of a hypothetical proposition? Briefly explain with an example. (3 marks, 2011)
MCQs
1. What is a proposition according to the traditional point of view?
(i) A statement of a certain relation between two terms.
(ii) A proposition is a declarative sentence which is either true or false but not both.
(iii) Idea comparison.
(iv) Propositions are truth value bearers.
Ans: (i) A statement of a certain relation between two terms.
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the three parts of a proposition?
(i) Subject.
(ii) Copula.
(iii) Predicate.
(iv) Conclusion.
Ans: (iv) Conclusion.
3. What is logically equivalent to the following statements? “I pass only if you pass”.
(i) You pass only if I pass.
(ii) If you fail then I fail.
(iii) If you pass then I pass.
(iv) You fail if I pass.
Ans: (ii) If you fail then I fail.
4. What is the role of the copula in a logical proposition?
(i) It is the subject of the proposition.
(ii) To prove a certain mathematical statement.
(iii) It is the sign of relation between the subject and the predicate.
(iv) Indicates a logical relation between the subject term.
Ans: (iii) It is the sign of relation between the subject and the predicate.
5. What is the predicate in the proposition “Some men are honest”?
(i) Some.
(ii) Men.
(iii) Honest.
(iv) Are.
Ans: (iii) Honest.
6. What is the primary role of the copula in a proposition?
(i) To express the relationship between the subject and the predicate.
(ii) To indicate a logical relation between the subject term.
(iii) To test the validity of various logical methods in solving real-life problems.
(iv) None of the above.
Ans: (i) To express the relationship between the subject and the predicate.
7. Which type of sentence is used in logical propositions?
(i) Imperative.
(ii) Exclamatory.
(iii) Indicative.
(iv) Interrogative.
Ans: (iii) Indicative.
8. The proposition (P ⇒ Q) ∧ (Q ⇒ P) is a:
(i) Tautology.
(ii) Contradiction.
(iii) Contingency.
(iv) Absurdity.
Ans: (iii) Contingency.
9. Which of the following is an example of a hypothetical proposition?
(i) If the sun rises, then it will be a new day.
(ii) If we had not eaten, then we would be hungry.
(iii) All people are mortal.
(iv) Some men are honest.
Ans: (i) If the sun rises, then it will be a new day.
10. What determines whether a proposition is affirmative or negative?
(i) An agreement is affirmed between the Subject and Predicate.
(ii) Which the Predicate is asserted of the Subject.
(iii) The copula of the proposition.
(iv) None of the above.
Ans: (iii) The copula of the proposition.
11. In which tense should the copula of a proposition always be expressed?
(i) Present tense.
(ii) Future tense.
(iii) Past tense.
(iv) Any tense.
Ans: (iv) Any tense.
12. What is a hypothetical proposition called when the antecedent is always followed by the consequent?
(i) Statements.
(ii) Universal.
(iii) Positive.
(iv) Negative.
Ans: (iii) Positive.
13. What are the four forms of propositions in the traditional scheme?
(i) A, B, C, D
(ii) P, Q, R, S
(iii) A, E, I, O
(iv) X, Y, Z, W
Ans: (iii) A, E, I, O
14. If the sentence is “Only virtuous men are happy,” which is the ‘I’ proposition?
(i) All virtuous men are happy.
(ii) No virtuous men are happy.
(iii) Some virtuous men are happy.
(iv) No non-virtuous men are happy.
Ans: (iii) Some virtuous men are happy.
15. How would the sentence “Few men are free from superstition” be logically represented?
(i) No men are free from superstition.-E.
(ii) Some men are not free from superstition.-O.
(iii) All men are free from superstition.-A.
(iv) Some men are free from superstition.-I.
Ans: (ii) Some men are not free from superstition.-O.
Model Q. & Ans. on Class-XI Logic & Philosophy
1-Mark Questions
State one important point of difference between sentence and proposition. (1 mark, 2017)
Ans.: (i) A sentence has no definite form. But a proposition always has a definite logical form of A, E, I, O.The copula of a proposition is a term, is it true? (1 mark, 2016)
Ans.: False."Every sentence is proposition but every proposition is not sentence" is it true? (1 mark, 2015)
Ans.: No.In which type of proposition are both subject and predicate terms distributed? (1 mark, 2015)
Ans.: E-proposition.By which of the following is the quality of a proposition determined?
(i) Subject
(ii) Predicate
(iii) Copula
(iv) Both subject and predicate
(1 mark, 2015)By which of the following is the quality of a proposition determined? (1 mark, 2015)
(i) Subject
(ii) Predicate
(iii) Copula
(iv) Both subject and predicate
Ans.: (iii) Copula."All players are not tall"—this sentence is equivalent to which of the following propositions? (1 mark, 2015)
(a) No player is tall
(b) Some tall persons are players
(c) Some players are not tall
(d) Some players are tall
Ans.: (c) Some players are not tall.The copula of a proposition is a term/a quality/neither.
Ans.: Neither.According to quality, a proposition is—
(a) Affirmative
(b) Negative
(c) Hypothetical-categorical
(d) Neither
Ans.: Affirmative-Negative.How many parts does a proposition have?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
Ans.: Three.A negative proposition is signified by—
(a) Predicate term
(b) Subject term
(c) Copula
Ans.: Copula.The copula of a proposition is in which tense? (1 mark)
(a) Past
(b) Present
(c) Future
Ans.: Present.Affirmative and negative propositions are determined by—
(a) Subject
(b) Copula
(c) Predicate
Ans.: Copula.The quality of a hypothetical proposition is determined by—
(a) Subject
(b) Predicate term
(c) Consequent
Ans.: Consequent.The quality of a categorical proposition is determined by—
(a) Subject
(b) Predicate term
Ans.: Subject.According to quantity, a proposition is—
(a) Universal
(b) Particular
(c) Affirmative-negative
Ans.: Universal-particular.According to quality, a proposition is hypothetical / disjunctive / none of these. (1 mark)
Ans.: None of these.The proposition "All dogs are animals" is affirmative / particular / hypothetical. (1 mark)
Ans.: Affirmative.'A' proposition has three terms / two / only one term. (1 mark)
Ans.: Two terms.'A' proposition is universal and particular with reference to its quality / quantity. (1 mark)
Ans.: Quantity.The copula of a proposition is always affirmative / always negative / may be either affirmative or negative. (1 mark)
Ans.: May be either affirmative or negative.All singular propositions are universal / particular. (1 mark)
Ans.: Particular.'A' proposition is universal or particular with reference to its quality / quantity / importance. (1 mark)
Ans.: Quantity.'E' proposition is a universal affirmative / universal negative / particular negative proposition. (1 mark)
Ans.: Universal negative proposition.'A' proposition is a word / a phrase / none of these. (1 mark)
Ans.: None of these.According to the combined principle of quality and quantity, propositions are classified into two / three / four kinds. (1 mark)
Ans.: Four.'A' proposition is a universal affirmative / universal negative / particular affirmative. (1 mark)Ans:universal affirmative
Questions and Answers
Marks: 2/3
1. Give the definition of a categorical proposition with an example. (2 marks, 2015)
Ans.: A categorical proposition is one in which the predicate is affirmed or denied of the subject absolutely without any condition.
Example: Zubeen Garg is a noted singer.
2. Define a universal proposition with a suitable example. (2 marks, 2017)
Ans.: A universal proposition is one in which the predicate is affirmed or denied of the entire denotation of the subject.
Example: All men are mortal.
3. What are the two forms of proposition according to quality? (2 marks)
Ans.:
(i) Affirmative proposition
(ii) Negative proposition
4. What are the forms of proposition according to quantity? (2 marks)
Ans.:
(i) Universal proposition
(ii) Particular proposition
5. What are the different kinds of propositions according to relation? (2 marks)
Ans.:
(i) Conditional proposition
(ii) Categorical proposition
6. State the different forms of proposition according to modality. (2 marks)
Ans.:
(i) Verbal proposition
(ii) Real proposition
7. Mention the different forms of proposition according to modality. (2 marks)
Ans.:
(i) Necessary Proposition
(ii) Assertory Proposition
(iii) Problematic Proposition
8. What is a universal affirmative proposition?
Ans.: A proposition in which the predicate is affirmed of the whole subject is called a universal affirmative proposition.
9. What is a universal negative proposition? (2 marks)
Ans.: A proposition in which the predicate is denied of the whole subject is called a universal negative proposition.
10. What is/Define a particular affirmative proposition?
Ans.: A proposition in which the predicate is affirmed of a part of the subject is called a particular affirmative proposition.
11. Define a particular negative proposition. (2 marks)
Ans.: A proposition in which the predicate is denied of a part of the subject is called a particular negative proposition.
12. Define proposition (traditional view). (2 marks)
Ans.: A proposition is a statement of a certain relation between the subject term and the predicate term, and the relation is established by the copula.
13. What do you mean by a conditional proposition? (2 marks)
Ans.: A conditional proposition is one in which the predicate is affirmed or denied of the subject under certain conditions.
14. Give the definition of copula.
Ans.: Copula is the sign of relation between subject and predicate.
15. What is an affirmative proposition? (2 marks)
Ans.: An affirmative proposition is one in which the predicate is affirmed of the subject.
16. What is a negative proposition? Give an example. (2 marks, 2018)
Ans.: A negative proposition is one in which the predicate is denied of the subject.
Example: Ram is not a girl.
17. What do you mean by a particular proposition? (2 marks)
Ans.: A particular proposition is one in which the predicate is affirmed or denied of a part of the subject.
Questions and Answers: Marks: 3/4
1. Explain with illustration the various parts of a logical proposition. (3 marks, 2013)
Ans.: There are three parts in a logical proposition:
Subject: The subject of a logical proposition is the term by which something is stated.
Predicate: The predicate of a logical proposition is the term which is stated about the subject.
Copula: Copula is the word or sign of relation between subject and predicate in a proposition.
2. How do you determine the quality of a hypothetical proposition? Briefly explain with an example. (3 marks, 2011)
Ans.: The quality of a hypothetical proposition can be determined by the consequent.
Example: "If it is raining, then the ground will be wet." In this proposition, the consequent "the ground will be wet" is affirmed, determining that the proposition is affirmative.
3. Distinguish between categorical and conditional proposition. (4 marks, 2017)
Ans.:
(i) In a categorical proposition, there is no condition, whereas 'condition' is the main base of a conditional proposition.
(ii) In a categorical proposition, the predicate is either affirmed or denied of the subject, but this is not the case in a conditional proposition.
(iii) The form of a categorical proposition is subject-predicate, while the form of a conditional proposition is either 'if-then' or 'either-or'.
(iv) Conditional propositions are mainly of two kinds, but categorical propositions have no such division.
4. Write a short note on the four-fold classification of propositions. (4 marks, 2017, 2018)
Or
Briefly explain and illustrate each of the different kinds of proposition classified according to the mixed principle of quantity and quality. (4 marks, 2015)
Ans.:
The four-fold classification of propositions is as follows:
(i) Universal Affirmative Proposition (A): A proposition in which the predicate is affirmed of the whole subject.
Example: All men are mortal.
(ii) Universal Negative Proposition (E): A proposition in which the predicate is denied of the whole subject.
Example: No men are perfect.
(iii) Particular Affirmative Proposition (I): A proposition in which the predicate is affirmed of a part of the subject.
Example: Some men are wise.
(iv) Particular Negative Proposition (O): A proposition in which the predicate is denied of a part of the subject.
Example: Some men are not wise.
5. What is a hypothetical proposition? How do you determine the quality of this kind of proposition? Briefly explain with the help of a suitable example. (4 marks, 2015)
Ans.: A hypothetical proposition is a conditional proposition in which the predicate is affirmed of the subject. The quality of a hypothetical proposition can be determined by the consequent.
Example: If it is raining, then the ground will be wet. In this proposition, the consequent "the ground will be wet" is affirmed, determining that the proposition is affirmative.
6. Distinguish between sentence and proposition. (4 marks, 2016/2018)
Ans.:
(i) Every proposition has three parts: subject, predicate, and copula. A sentence has only two parts: subject and predicate.
(ii) A proposition is either true or false, but a sentence does not depend on truth or falsity.
(iii) There is no ideal form of a sentence, but a proposition has an ideal form as "Subject-Predicate."
(iv) Every proposition is in the present tense, but a sentence may be in past, present, or future tense.
(v) Every proposition is a sentence, but not every sentence is a proposition.
7. What is a proposition? How many kinds of propositions are there according to modality? Mention them. (4 marks)
Ans.: A proposition is a statement that expresses a certain relation between the subject and predicate terms.
There are three kinds of propositions according to modality:
(i) Necessary Proposition
(ii) Assertory Proposition
(iii) Problematic Proposition
8. How many kinds of propositions are there according to the joint procedure of quality and quantity? Mention them with logical names. (4 marks)
Ans.: There are four kinds of propositions according to the joint procedure of quality and quantity. These are:
Universal Affirmative Proposition (A)
Universal Negative Proposition (E)
Particular Affirmative Proposition (I)
Particular Negative Proposition (O)
9. What do you mean by a proposition? Mention the different kinds of proposition according to quantity. (2+2 = 4 marks)
Ans.: A proposition is a statement that expresses a certain relation between the subject and predicate terms.
There are two kinds of propositions according to quantity:
Universal Proposition
Particular Proposition
10. What is a proposition? What are the different kinds of propositions according to quality? Mention with examples. (4 marks)
Ans.: A proposition is a statement that expresses a certain relation between the subject and predicate terms.
Example: All men are mortal.
Propositions are of two kinds according to quality:
Affirmative Proposition:
An affirmative proposition is one in which the predicate is affirmed of the subject.
Example: All cows are black.Negative Proposition:
A negative proposition is one in which the predicate is denied of the subject.
Example: No crows are white.
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Transformation of Ordinary Sentences to Logical Propositions
Transformation of sentences into A, E, I, O propositions.
Important points regarding the reduction of ordinary sentences to logical propositions.
Rules for converting ordinary sentences into A, E, I, O forms.
Can an 'O' proposition be converted?
(1 mark, 2011)Reduce the following sentences into propositions:
(2×2 = 4 marks, 2013)
(a) All members except a few are present in the meeting.
(b) Seldom do men report.Transform the following sentences into logical propositions:
(2+2 = 4 marks, 2014)
(a) All good writers are not good speakers.
(b) Most people are not honest.Reduce any one of the following sentences into its proper logical form and mention the distributed term(s) in that proposition:
(4 marks, 2015)
(a) All that glitters is not gold.
(b) All metals except mercury are solid.
(c) Lions never drink coffee.Reduce the following sentences into logical propositions:
(1×4 = 4 marks, 2018)
(a) Almost all birds can fly.
(b) Every lion is carnivorous.
(c) All swans are not white.
(d) Lions never drink coffee.
(e) The learned are honored everywhere.
Previous Years' Questions (Last 8 Years):
Short Answer Questions
Can an 'O' proposition be converted?
Ans.: No. (1 mark, 2011)
How many parts are there in a logical proposition?
Ans.: Three. (1 mark)
In simplification, sentences should be reduced to which propositions?
Ans.: A, E, I, O. (1 mark)
Should the original meaning of the sentence be altered when reducing it to a proposition?
Ans.: No. (1 mark)
What is always stated with a negative proposition?
Ans.: Copula. (1 mark)
What is the first word of a logical proposition?
Ans.: Quantifier. (1 mark)
Affirmative sentences with words like "Each," "Any," or "Every" should be reduced to which proposition?
Ans.: 'A' proposition. (1 mark)
Affirmative sentences with words like "Several," "Some," "Most," "A few," "Almost all," "Many," "Certain," and "All but none" should be reduced to which proposition?
Ans.: 'I' proposition. (1 mark)
9. Negative sentences with words like "Several," "Some," "Most," "A few," "Almost all," "Many," "Certain," "All but none" should be reduced to which proposition?
Ans.: 'O' proposition.
10. Affirmative sentences with words like "Everywhere," "Always," "Every," "Totally," "Universally," "Absolutely" should be reduced to which proposition?
Ans.: 'A' proposition.
11. Negative sentences with words like "Everywhere," "Always," "Ever," "Totally," "Universally," "Absolutely" should be reduced to which proposition?
Ans.: 'O' proposition.
12. Affirmative sentences with words like "Often," "Nearly," "Always," "Mostly," "Generally" should be reduced to which proposition?
Ans.: 'I' proposition.
13. To which form do we transform affirmative sentences with words like "Everywhere," "Always," "Ever," "Totally," etc.?
Ans.: 'O' proposition.
14. To which form do we transform negative sentences with words like "Several," "Some," "Most," "A few," "Almost all," "Many," etc.?
Ans.: 'O' proposition.
15. Does the original meaning of a sentence change when reduced to a proposition?
Ans.: No.
16. What is the name of the first word of a logical proposition?
Ans.: Quantifier.
17. To which form do we transform affirmative sentences with words like "All," "Everywhere," "Any," "Every," etc.?
Ans.: 'A' proposition.
Model Questions & Answers
Class XI - Logic & Philosophy
2-Mark Questions
State two rules of simplification of a proposition.
Answer:
(i) In expressing a proposition, one should use propositional symbols like A, E, I, O either to the right or left of the proposition.
(ii) In a proposition, the sign of quantity-subject-copula-predicate should be shown distinctly and in order.What types of propositions do we get after reducing sentences into logical propositions?
Answer: Four forms of propositions are obtained: A, E, I, and O.To which form of proposition do we transform negative sentences with universal quantities? Give an example.
Answer: Negative sentences with universal quantities are transformed into an 'O' proposition.
Example:
Sentence – All wise men are not happy.
Proposition – Some wise men are not happy.To which form of proposition do we transform the sentence "All guests except Nandita" and why?
Answer: The sentence should be reduced to an 'A' proposition, which is a universal affirmative proposition. This is because the exception, "except Nandita," is explicitly stated in the sentence.Give an example of 'I' and 'O' propositions.
Answer:
'I' Proposition – Some students are intelligent.
'O' Proposition – Some students are not intelligent.Give an example of 'I' and 'O' propositions.
Answer:
'I' Proposition – Some men are honest.
'O' Proposition – Some men are not honest.Give an example of 'A' and 'E' propositions.
Answer:
'A' Proposition – All men are mortal.
'E' Proposition – No men are perfect.To which form of proposition do we transform sentences containing words like No, None, No-one, Nobody, Nothing, Never, Nowhere?
Answer: Such sentences are transformed into an 'E' proposition.Why do we transform sentences containing words like Few, Seldom, Scarcely, Hardly into an 'O' proposition or particular negative proposition?
Answer: These words carry a negative sense. Therefore, affirmative sentences with such words should be reduced to an 'O' proposition or particular negative proposition.What is the simplification of a proposition?
Answer: The reduction or transformation of ordinary sentences into one of the forms of A, E, I, O propositions is known as the simplification of a proposition.State two examples of the simplification of a proposition.
Answer:
(i) All men are not honest.
Logical form – Some men are not honest ('O' Proposition).
(ii) Men are not perfect.
Logical form – No men are perfect ('E' Proposition).
4-Mark Question
Reduce the following sentences into propositions. (2+2 = 4 marks, 2013)
(a) All members except a few are present in the meeting.
(b) Seldom do men report.
Answer:
(i) Some members are those who are present in the meeting ('I' Proposition).
(ii) Some men do not report ('O' Proposition).Transform the following two sentences into logical propositions. (2+2 = 4 marks, 2014)
(a) All good writers are not good speakers.
(b) Most of the people are not honest.
Answer:
(i) Some good writers are not good speakers – 'O' proposition.
(ii) Some people are not honest – 'O' proposition.
Reduce any four of the following sentences into their proper logical form and mention the distributed term or terms in that proposition.
(a) All that glitters is not gold.
(b) All metals except mercury are solid.
(c) Lions never drink coffee.
(d) Learned are honoured everywhere.
Answer:
(i) Some things that glitter are not gold – 'O' proposition. The predicate 'gold' is distributed.
(ii) All metals except mercury are solid – 'A' proposition. The subject 'all metals' is distributed.
(iii) No lion drinks coffee – 'E' proposition. Both subject 'lion' and predicate 'drinks coffee' are distributed.
(iv) All learned people are honoured – 'A' proposition. The subject 'learned people' is distributed.
Reduce any four of the following sentences into logical form. (1×4 = 4 marks, 2018)
(a) Almost all birds can fly.
(b) Every lion is carnivorous.
(c) All swans are not white.
(d) Lions never drink coffee.
(e) Learned are honoured everywhere.
Answer:
(i) Some birds are such that they can fly – 'I' proposition.
(ii) All lions are carnivorous – 'A' proposition.
(iii) Some swans are not white – 'O' proposition.
(iv) No lion drinks coffee – 'E' proposition.
(v) All learned people are honoured – 'A' proposition.
5. What do you mean by simplification of a proposition? Give an example. (4/5 marks)
Answer:
The reduction or transformation of ordinary sentences into one of the four forms of logical propositions (A, E, I, O) is known as the simplification of a proposition.
Example:
Ordinary sentence: All Indians are not Hindus.
Logical form: Some Indians are not Hindus ('O' proposition).
6. State four general points of simplification of a proposition. (4/5 marks)
Answer:
(i) If the sign of quantity is unclear in a sentence, one should analyze its meaning and apply the appropriate sign of quantity.
(ii) The sentence should be reduced to one of the four standard forms: A, E, I, or O.
(iii) The original meaning of the sentence should not be altered during simplification.
(iv) In a logical proposition, the sign of quantity, subject, copula, and predicate should be clearly stated and arranged in order.
7. Mention four rules of simplification of a proposition. (4 marks)
Answer:
(i) If an affirmative sentence begins with words like All, Each, Any, Every, it should be reduced to an 'A' proposition.
(ii) If a negative sentence begins with words like All, Each, Any, Every, it should be reduced to an 'O' proposition.
(iii) Affirmative sentences containing words like Several, Some, Most, A few, Almost all, Many, Certain, All but one should be reduced to an 'I' proposition, and if negative, they should be reduced to an 'O' proposition.
(iv) Sentences starting with No, None, No-one, Nobody, By no means, Nowhere, Never should be reduced to an 'E' proposition.
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Distribution of Terms
At the end of this chapter, students can learn the following topics:
Concept of Vyapti.
Distribution of terms according to the fourfold classification of propositions:
(i) Distribution of Terms in A proposition
(ii) Distribution of Terms in E proposition
(iii) Distribution of Terms in I proposition
(iv) Distribution of Terms in O proposition
B. Diagrams of Distribution of Terms:
A Proposition – All men are mortal.
E Proposition – No men are perfect.
I Proposition – Some men are wise.
O Proposition – Some men are not honest.
Previous Year Questions (Last 10 Years Marking):
1. The denotation of a term means quality—Is it true? (1 mark, 2012) ✅
2. Write short notes on 'Distribution of terms.' (4 mark, 2013) ✅
3. How many propositions are there according to the fourfold scheme of propositions? (1 mark, 2013) ✅
4. What term is distributed in a universal proposition? (1 mark, 2013) ✅
5. Define connotation. (1 mark, 2013) ✅
6. Reduce any one of the following sentences into proper logical proposition and state the distributed term in the proposition. (2×2=4 mark, 2016) ✅
(i) Each man is mortal.
(ii) Only the graduates are eligible for the post.
7. Reduce any one of the following sentences into proper logical form and state the distributed term or terms in that proposition. (2+2=4 mark, 2017) ✅
(a) Most students are not hardworking.
(b) Every man is mortal.
8. The quantitative/qualitative meaning of a term is its denotation. What do you mean by distribution of terms? (1 mark, 2018) ✅
Questions and Answers(1 Mark Each):
1. The quantitative/qualitative meaning of a term is its denotation.
Ans. Quantitative. (1 mark, 2013) ✅
2. What term is distributed in a universal proposition?
Ans. Subject. (1 mark, 2013) ✅
3. How many propositions are there according to the fourfold scheme of propositions?
Ans. Four. (1 mark, 2013) ✅
4. The denotation of a term means quality—Is it true?
Ans. It is not true. (1 mark, 2012) ✅
5. What is the object of discussion in case of distribution of terms? (1 mark)
Ans. Denotation of a term.
6. Which term is distributed in the proposition "All men are mortal"? (1 mark)
Ans. All men (subject term).
7. Which term is distributed in a particular affirmative proposition?
Ans. No term is distributed.
8. Which term is distributed in a particular negative proposition? (1 mark)
Ans. Predicate term.
9. Which term is distributed in a universal affirmative proposition? (1 mark)
Ans. Subject term.
10. Which term is distributed in a universal proposition? (1 mark)
Ans. Subject.
11. Which term is distributed in a universal negative proposition? (1 mark)
Ans. Both subject and predicate term.
12. Is it true that a negative proposition distributes its predicate term?
Ans. True. (1 mark)
13. Affirmative proposition distributes its predicate term—is it correct? (1 mark)
Ans. It is not correct.
14. 'Universal proposition distributes only its subject term, is it true?' (1 mark)
Ans. No.
15. A proposition with a singular object term distributes its only subject term—Is it true? (1 mark)
Ans. No.
B. Questions and Answers: Mark: 2
1. Define connotation? (2 mark, 2018)
Ans. When a term denotes quality or essential qualities of a thing or an object it is called connotation of a term.
2. What do you mean by the connotation of a term?
Ans. The connotation of a term refers to the qualities or attributes associated with it, or the meaning attributed to it.
3. What do you mean by a distributed term? (2 Mark)
Ans. A term is said to be distributed when it refers to all the individuals denoted by it.
4. What does the distribution of a term mean? (2 Mark, 2018)
Ans. Distribution of a term means the denotation of the term to which it refers.
5. What does an undistributed term mean? (2 Mark)
Ans. A term is said to be undistributed when it refers to part of the denotation of the term.
6. Universal proposition distributes its subject term. Give an example of it.
Ans. All animals are mortal - A. In this proposition, 'All animals' is the distributed term.
7. Universal negative proposition distributes both the subject and predicate terms. Give an example of it. (2 Mark)
Ans. No crows are white - E. In this proposition, both 'No crows' and 'white' are distributed.
8. No term is distributed in a particular affirmative proposition. Give an example of it. (2 Mark)
Ans. Some men are honest - I. In this proposition, both the subject and predicate terms are undistributed.
9. In a particular negative proposition, the subject term is undistributed, and the predicate term is distributed. Give an example of it. (2 Mark)
Ans. Some men are not honest - O. In this proposition, the subject term is undistributed, and the predicate term is distributed.
10.. Reduce the following sentence into a proposition and underline the distributed term in each. (2 Marks)
Sentence: Generally, rich men are honest.
Ans: Some rich men are honest → I (No term is distributed in this proposition.)
Q11. Reduce the following sentence into a proposition and underline the distributed term. (2 Marks)
Sentence: Except a few, all the members are present in the meeting.
Ans: Some members are such that they were present in the meeting → I (No term is distributed in this proposition.)
Q12. Reduce the following sentence into a proposition and underline the distributed term. (2 Marks)
Sentence: All citizens are not patriots.
Ans: Some citizens are not patriots → O (Predicate term is distributed in this proposition.)
Q13. Reduce the following sentence into a proposition and underline the distributed term. (2 Marks)
Sentence: Every man is mortal.
Ans: All men are mortal → A (Subject term is distributed in this proposition.)
Q14. Reduce the following sentence into a proposition and underline the distributed term. (2 Marks)
Sentence: All learned men are not good teachers.
Ans: Some learned men are not good teachers → O (Predicate term is distributed in this proposition.)
Q15. Reduce the following sentence into a proposition and underline the distributed term. (2 Marks)
Sentence: No lion is a two-footed animal.
Ans: No lion is a two-footed animal → E (Both the subject and predicate terms are distributed in this proposition.)
Additional Note:
In the proposition "Some men are honest," the term "some men" is undistributed, while "honest" is distributed.
C. Questions and Answers (Marks: 4)
Q1. Reduce any one of the following sentences into proper logical form and state the distributed term or terms in that proposition. (4 Marks)
(a) Most students are not hardworking.
Ans: The given sentence can be rewritten in proper logical form as:
"Some students are not hardworking." → O Proposition
In this proposition, the predicate term "hardworking" is distributed, meaning it applies to all individuals excluded from the subject group.
(b) Every man is mortal.
Ans: The given sentence can be rewritten as:
"All men are mortal." → A Proposition
In this proposition, the subject term "All men" is distributed, meaning it applies to every individual in the category.
Q2. Reduce any one of the following sentences into a proper logical proposition and state the distributed term in the proposition. (2+2 = 4 Marks, 2016)✅
(i) Each man is mortal.
Ans: The given sentence can be rewritten as:
"All men are mortal." → A Proposition
The subject term "All men" is distributed, meaning it refers to every individual in the category without exception.
(ii) Only the graduates are eligible for the post. (4 Marks)
Ans: The given sentence can be rewritten as:
"All those who are eligible for the post are graduates." → A Proposition
The subject term "All those who are eligible for the post" is distributed, meaning it applies universally to the group mentioned.
Q3. Write a short note on Distribution of Terms. (4 Marks)
Ans:
(i) A term is said to be distributed in a proposition when it is used in its entire scope or denotation, meaning it applies to all members of the category it represents.
(ii) Example:
In the proposition "All men are mortal" (A Proposition), the subject term "men" is distributed because it applies to every individual in the category of men without exception.
In the proposition "Some men are not honest" (O Proposition), the predicate term "honest" is distributed because it applies to all individuals who are excluded from the subject category.
(iii) General Rules of Distribution:
In "A" Propositions (All S are P): The subject is distributed, but the predicate is not.
In "E" Propositions (No S is P): Both subject and predicate are distributed.
In "I" Propositions (Some S are P): Neither the subject nor the predicate is distributed.
In "O" Propositions (Some S are not P): The predicate is distributed, but the subject is not.
Q4. Does every form of the 'A' proposition undistribute its predicate term? If not, why? (4 Marks)
Ans: No, not all 'A' propositions undistribute their predicate term. While it is generally true that in an 'A' proposition (All S are P), the subject is distributed but the predicate is undistributed, there are exceptions.
In cases where both the subject and predicate are singular terms, the predicate can also be distributed. This happens when the predicate term applies to the entire category of the subject without exception.
For example:
All men are rational animals → A Proposition
Here, "All men" (subject) is distributed because it applies to the entire category of men.
The predicate "rational animals" is not distributed, as there may be rational animals other than men.
All men are human beings → A Proposition
In this case, "All men" (subject) is distributed.
The predicate "human beings" is also distributed because "human beings" only refers to "men" with no exceptions.
Thus, if the predicate term is a singular or exclusive category that matches the subject in extension, it becomes distributed in an 'A' proposition.
Q5. Explain with an example how a universal proposition distributes its subject term. (4 Marks)
Ans: In traditional logic, the four-fold classification of categorical propositions includes:
A (Universal Affirmative) → All S are P
E (Universal Negative) → No S is P
I (Particular Affirmative) → Some S are P
O (Particular Negative) → Some S are not P
A and E propositions are universal propositions.
A universal proposition distributes its subject term because the subject in such propositions is taken in its entire denotation, meaning it refers to all members of the category it represents.
For example:
"All men are mortal" → A Proposition
Here, the subject term "All men" is distributed, as it refers to every single man without exception.
The predicate term "mortal" is undistributed, as there may be mortals other than men.
"No lions are herbivores" → E Proposition
The subject term "No lions" is distributed, meaning it applies to all lions.
The predicate term "herbivores" is also distributed, meaning the statement applies to the entire category of herbivores, denying that any lions belong to it.
Thus, in universal propositions (A and E), the subject term is always distributed because it is taken in its full scope or denotation.
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Modern Classification of Propositions
The short and long questions from this chapter given in the last 10 years are:
State various forms of compound propositions with suitable examples. (2 Marks, 2017) ✅
State various forms of general propositions with suitable examples. (4 Marks, 2017, 2014) ✅
How many kinds of propositions are there according to the modern classification of propositions? (1 Mark, 2016) ✅
Give an example of a class membership proposition. (1 Mark, 2016) ✅
Mention various forms of compound propositions with suitable examples. (4 Marks, 2016) ✅
State the names of the different forms of simple propositions according to the modern classification of propositions and give examples for each of them. (4 Marks, 2015) ✅
Briefly explain any two of the different forms of general propositions according to the modern classification of propositions with suitable examples. (4 Marks, 2016) ✅
There are two/three/four kinds of general propositions. (1 Mark, 2014) ✅
Write a short note on simple propositions. (3 Marks, 2013) ✅
How do modern logicians discuss the drawbacks of the traditional analysis of propositions? (3 Marks, 2013) ✅
What do you understand by general propositions according to modern logic? (3 Marks, 2013) ✅
What are the different kinds of propositions according to modern logic? Define each of the different forms of compound propositions. (5 Marks, 2012) ✅
How many kinds of propositions are there according to modern logic? (1 Mark, 2013) ✅
Distinguish between subject-predicate propositions and class membership propositions. (2 Marks, 2013) ✅
Define subject-less propositions with suitable examples.
Which of the following propositions is an example of a one-predicate general proposition? (2 Marks, 2018) ✅
(i) Lions exist
(ii) Some philosophers are not politicians.
(iii) Nothing is permanent
(iv) No men are angels (1 Mark, 2018) ✅How many simple propositions are there in the following compound proposition?
"It is not true that Hari plays football, but Jadu plays cricket." (3 Marks, 2013) ✅
Questions and Answers (Mark: 1)
How many kinds of propositions are there according to the modern classification of propositions? (1 Mark, 2016) ✅
Ans: Three.There are two/four kinds of general propositions.
Ans: Three.What is the name of the proposition that contains more than one simple statement? (1 Mark)
Ans: Compound proposition.What is the name of the proposition that contains only one single statement? (1 Mark)
Ans: Simple proposition.How many kinds of propositions are there about classes? (1 Mark)
Ans: Four.What is the truth or falsity of a proposition called? (1 Mark)
Ans: Quality or property of that proposition.How many kinds of simple propositions are there? (1 Mark)
Ans: Four.Name the proposition that is expressed without any subject. (1 Mark)
Ans: Subjectless proposition.'Subjectless proposition is a simplest expression'—Is it correct? (1 Mark)
Ans. Correct.Name the proposition that expresses that an individual is a member of a class. (1 Mark)
Ans. Class-membership proposition.'Tulika is wife of Barua' is an example of what kind of proposition? (1 Mark)
Ans. Relational proposition.Name the proposition that expresses a quality or a property of a thing or an individual. (1 Mark)
Ans. Subject-predicate proposition.How many kinds of general propositions are there in modern logic? (1 Mark)
Ans. Three.'Either Lily is intelligent or hard worker' is an example of what kind of proposition? (1 Mark)
Ans. Alternative proposition.Is Aristotle a modern logician? (1 Mark)
Ans. No.In which kind of proposition is the 'if-then' phrase used? (1 Mark)
Ans. Implicative proposition.Are class-membership proposition and general proposition the same? (1 Mark)
Ans. No.Do modern logicians accept subject-predicate proposition as the ideal form of proposition? (1 Mark)
Ans. No, they do not accept it.'All things are changeable' is an example of what kind of proposition? (1 Mark)
Ans. One-predicate general proposition.'All men are mortal' is an example of what kind of proposition? (1 Mark)
Ans. General proposition.Give an example of a class membership proposition.(1 Mark, 2015)Ans. Plato was a philosopher
How many kinds of propositions according to modern logic? (1 Mark 2013) Ans: Three
Questions and Answers (Marks: 2)
State various forms of compound propositions with suitable examples. (1 Mark, 2017) ✅
Ans.
(i) Conjunctive Proposition: Rahul is a boy and Tulika is a girl.
(ii) Implicative Proposition: If the student reads hard, then he will pass the examination.
(iii) Disjunctive Proposition: Either you take meat or fish.
(iv) Alternative Proposition: Either Shakespeare was a man or a woman.Define proposition according to Modern Logic. (2 Marks)
Ans. According to Modern Logic, a proposition is a statement that is either true or false.How many kinds of propositions are there according to the modern classification of propositions? What are they? (2 Marks)
Ans. There are three kinds:
(i) Simple Proposition
(ii) Compound Proposition
(iii) General PropositionDefine compound proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that contains more than one simple statement is called a compound proposition.Define simple proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that contains only one simple statement and expresses a single fact is called a simple proposition.Define general proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that states that one class is wholly or partially included or excluded from another class, or that affirms or denies a universal quality of a thing, is called a general proposition.Define conjunctive proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans. A compound proposition that combines two simple statements using a conjunctive word is called a conjunctive proposition.Define implicative proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans. A compound proposition that combines two simple statements using the phrase "if-then" is called an implicative proposition.Define alternative proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans. A compound proposition that combines two simple statements using the word "or" or "either-or" in an exclusive sense is called an alternative proposition.What do you mean by subject-predicate proposition? (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that states that an individual possesses a quality is called a subject-predicate proposition.
Define subjectless proposition. Give an example. (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that has no logical subject is called a subjectless proposition.
Example: Fire, rains.What do you mean by relational proposition? (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that asserts a relation between two or more constituents is called a relational proposition.What do you mean by class membership proposition? (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that asserts that an individual is a member of a class is called a class membership proposition.What do you mean by existential proposition? (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that affirms or denies the existence of something in the universe is called an existential proposition.Define one-predicate universal proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that affirms or denies a certain quality or property of the universe as a whole is called a one-predicate universal proposition.Define disjunctive proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans. A proposition that states that both of its constituent propositions cannot be true at the same time is called a disjunctive proposition.
Example: "Biva is not both rich and poor."Give an example of a compound proposition.
Ans. "Nandita is beautiful and intelligent."State an example of a conjunctive proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans. "Devajit is poor and hardworking."State an example of a disjunctive proposition.
Ans. "Biva is not both rich and poor."Give an example of an implicative proposition.
Ans. "If Abhiran is intelligent, then he is smart."Mention one example of an alternative proposition.
Ans. "Either Lily is intelligent or hardworking."Distinguish between subject and class membership proposition. (2 Marks)
Ans.
Subject Proposition: Focuses on affirming or denying the quality or property of an individual.
Class Membership Proposition: Asserts that an individual is part of a specific class.
Model Q. & Ans. on Class-XI Logic & Philosophy (3/4/5) Marks
1. Write a short note on simple proposition. (3 Marks, 2014) ✅
Ans.
(1) A simple proposition is one of the categories according to the modern classification of propositions.
(2) It is a proposition that contains only one single statement.
(3) A simple proposition expresses a single fact, representing one clear idea or fact.
(4) Simple propositions are of four kinds:
Affirmative: States that something is true.
Negative: States that something is not true.
Universal: Applies universally, asserting something about everything in a class.
Particular: Applies to some members of a class.
2. What do you understand by general proposition according to modern logic? (3 Marks, 2013) ✅
Ans.
(1) A general proposition is one of the categories of propositions according to modern logic.
(2) It is a type of proposition that either affirms or denies a quality of the universe as a whole, or asserts that one class is either wholly or partially included or excluded from another class.
(3) General propositions are divided into three kinds:
Existential General Proposition: Asserts the existence of a class or individual.
One-predicate General Proposition: Denies or affirms a particular property of a class.
General Proposition Asserting Relation: States a relationship between two or more entities.
3. Define proposition according to modern logic. Give an example. (3 Marks)
Ans.
According to modern logicians, a proposition is a statement that expresses a thought or idea, which can be either true or false. The truth or falsity of a proposition depends on whether it accurately represents the reality of the situation.
Example: "Abhiran is a good boy." This is a proposition because it makes a statement that can be either true or false.
4. How do modern logicians discuss the drawbacks of the traditional analysis of propositions? (3 Marks, 2013)✅
Ans.
Modern logicians criticize the traditional classification of propositions because they believe it has several drawbacks:
Lack of Precision: The traditional analysis often fails to precisely define certain propositions, which leads to ambiguities in logical analysis.
Over-Simplification: Traditional logic does not always account for the complexity of natural language propositions, limiting its usefulness in understanding deeper logical relationships.
Inflexibility: Traditional methods were rigid, often treating propositions as either true or false without room for more nuanced understanding, such as possibility or necessity.
Failure to Consider Context: Traditional logic sometimes ignores the context in which a proposition is made, which can significantly affect its truth value.
5. State the drawbacks of traditional classification of propositions.
Ans.
(1) Traditional classification of propositions is insufficient in analysis and ignores the fundamental differences in the logical structures of propositions.
(2) The traditional classification is limited because it only accepts the subject-predicate-copula structure, which does not work for all types of propositions. Not all propositions can be expressed in this way, as it overlooks complex or non-standard logical structures.
6. State the names of the different forms of simple propositions according to the modern classification of propositions and give examples of each. (4 Marks, 2015) ✅
Ans. The different forms of simple propositions and their examples are:
Subjectless Proposition: A proposition without a subject.
Example: Fire (It is a simple statement but lacks a subject).
Subject-predicate Proposition: A proposition that has a subject and a predicate.
Example: Chilaroy was a brave king.
Relational Proposition: A proposition that expresses a relationship between two or more things.
Example: Mother loves her son.
Class-membership Proposition: A proposition that asserts membership of an individual in a particular class.
Example: Aristotle was a philosopher.
7. Mention various forms of compound propositions with suitable examples. (4 Marks, 2016)✅
Ans. The various forms of compound propositions with examples are:
Conjunctive Proposition: A compound proposition that combines two statements using the word "and."
Example: Sadhguru is a philosopher and a yogic.
Implicative Proposition: A compound proposition that asserts a condition, often using "if-then."
Example: If you read hard, then you will pass the examination.
Disjunctive Proposition: A compound proposition that presents alternatives, typically using "either-or."
Example: Either you take meat or fish.
Alternative Proposition: A compound proposition that presents two alternatives, where one must be true but not both.
Example: Either Plato was a man or a woman.
8. State various forms of general propositions with suitable examples. (4 Marks, 2014, 2017)✅
Ans. The various forms of general propositions with examples are:
Existential General Proposition: Asserts the existence of a class or individual.
Example: There are trees in the forest.
One-predicate General Proposition: Denies or affirms a quality of a class.
Example: All humans are mortal.
General Proposition Asserting Relation: States a relation between two or more entities.
Example: The teacher is more knowledgeable than the student.
9. Briefly explain any two of the different forms of general propositions according to modern classification of propositions with suitable examples for each of them.
Ans.
(1) Existential Proposition:
An existential proposition is one that directly affirms or denies the existence of something. It either asserts or denies the existence of a particular individual or a class of things in the world.
Example: "Tiger exists." This proposition affirms the existence of tigers in the world.
(2) One-predicate Universal Proposition:
A one-predicate universal proposition is a general proposition that either affirms or denies a certain property or attribute about the entire universe or class.
Example: "All things change." This proposition asserts that the property of change applies to everything in the universe.
10. What are the different kinds of propositions according to modern logic? Define each of the different forms of compound propositions. (5 Marks, 2012)✅
Ans.
The different kinds of propositions according to modern logic are:
Simple Proposition
Compound Proposition
General Proposition
(1) Simple Proposition:
A simple proposition consists of a single statement that either affirms or denies something about an object or fact.
Example: "Rhino exists." This proposition simply affirms the existence of a rhino.
Example: "All things change."
Example: "Nothing is permanent."
Example: "No men are angels."
(2) Compound Proposition:
A compound proposition is one that combines two or more simple propositions to form a larger statement, often using logical connectives such as "and," "or," "if-then."
The different forms of compound propositions are:
Conjunctive Proposition: A compound proposition that contains two simple statements which are conjoined by the word "and."
Example: "Sadhguru is a philosopher and a yogic."
Implicative Proposition: A compound proposition that contains two simple statements, with an "if-then" structure, where one statement implies the other.
Example: "If you read hard, then you will pass the examination."
Disjunctive Proposition: A compound proposition that presents two alternatives, typically using "either-or."
Example: "Either you take meat or fish."
Alternative Proposition: A compound proposition where only one of two statements can be true at the same time, typically using "either-or" in an exclusive sense.
Example: "Either Plato was a man or a woman."
10. What is compound proposition? What are the different forms of it? (5 Marks)
Ans. A compound proposition is a logical statement that is formed by combining two or more simpler propositions (also known as atomic or elementary propositions) using logical connectives like AND, OR, NOT, IF-THEN, and IF AND ONLY IF. A compound proposition, therefore, involves the manipulation of these simpler propositions to create a new statement with a truth value that depends on the truth values of the simpler components.
Examples of Logical Connectives:
AND (∧): The compound proposition formed by the conjunction of two propositions is true only when both individual propositions are true.
OR (∨): The compound proposition formed by the disjunction of two propositions is true when at least one of the individual propositions is true.
NOT (¬): The negation of a proposition makes it true when the original is false and vice versa.
IF-THEN (→): The conditional proposition states that if one proposition (the antecedent) is true, then another proposition (the consequent) is true. It is false only when the antecedent is true, but the consequent is false.
IF AND ONLY IF (↔): A biconditional proposition is true when both propositions have the same truth value (both true or both false).
Types of Compound Propositions:
Conjunction (AND): A compound proposition formed by the AND connective (∧). It is true only if both individual propositions are true.
Example: "It is raining and I have an umbrella."
Symbolically:
True if both P and Q are true.
Disjunction (OR): A compound proposition formed by the OR connective (∨). It is true if at least one of the individual propositions is true.
Example: "It is raining or I have an umbrella."
Symbolically:
True if at least one of P or Q is true.
Negation (NOT): A compound proposition formed by negating a proposition (¬). The truth value of the compound proposition is the opposite of the truth value of the original proposition.
Example: "It is not raining."
Symbolically:
True if P is false.
Conditional (IF-THEN): A compound proposition formed by the IF-THEN connective (→). It is false only when the antecedent is true and the consequent is false.
Example: "If it rains, then I will carry an umbrella."
Symbolically:
False only if P is true and Q is false.
Biconditional (IF AND ONLY IF): A compound proposition formed by the IF AND ONLY IF connective (↔). It is true if both propositions have the same truth value (both true or both false).
Example: "I will carry an umbrella if and only if it rains."
Symbolically:
True if P and Q are both true or both false.
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