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SWADESH ADHAYAN
2022
Swadesh Adhayan Previous Year Question Paper Solved
1. Find out the correct answers from the following:
(a) In Assam, under which sector of economic activities the highest number of people have been engaged?
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(i) Primary
(ii) Secondary
(iii) Agriculture Sector
(iv) Quaternary.
Ans: (iii) Agriculture Sector.
(b) In which year Sikkim was included as one of the states of North Eastern Region of India?
(i) 1947
(ii) 1963
(iii) 1972
(iv) 2002
Ans: 2002.
(c) How many Sustainable Development Goals have been adopted by United Nations General Assembly in 2015?
(i) 11
(ii) 15
(iii) 17
(iv) 21
Ans: 17.
(d) In which year the availability of petroleum crude in Assam first detected?
(i) 1822
(ii) 1889
(iii) 1921
(iv) 1953
Ans: (iv) 1953.
(e) In which type of map-scale the units like centimeter, inch, feet etc. are not mentioned?
(i) Statement Scale
(ii) Graphical Scale
(iii) Representative fraction
(iv) Ordinal Scale
Ans: (iv) Ordinal Scale.
(f) Area-wise, which one of the following National Parks of Assam found smallest?
(i) Manas
(ii) Orang
(iii) Nameri
(iv) Dibru-Saikhowa.
Ans: (ii) Orang.
2. Write short answer of the following questions: (any four)
(a) Name two types of biodiversity.
Ans: Two types of biodiversity:
1. Species Diversity.
2. Genetic Diversity.
(b) Name two places of Assam where petroleum refineries are there.
Ans: Noonmati refinery and Namuligarh Refinery.
(c) Which two foreign countries share international boundary with Assam?
Ans: Bangladesh and Bhutan.
(d) Write the names of two wildlife sanctuaries of Karbi Anglong district.
Ans: East Karbi Anglong Wildlife Sanctuary and North Karbi Anglong Wildlife Sanctuary.
(e) Name two major types of pollution.
Ans: Air pollution and Water pollution.
3. Answer the following questions: (any five)
(a) Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic resources.
Ans: Distinguish between biotic and abiotic resources:
(b) Discuss briefly the demographic characteristics of Assam.
Ans: According to the 2011 census:
Religion: Hindus (61.47%), Muslims (34.22%), Christians (3.7%), and small minorities following Jainism (0.1%), Buddhism (0.2%), Sikhism (0.1%), and Animism (practiced by communities like Khamti, Phake, Aiton, etc.).
Language: Assamese speakers make up 48% (15 million) of the population, Bengali speakers 29% (9 million), and Hindi and its dialects 3.21%.
Population: Assam's total population is approximately 31.2 million, reflecting the state's cultural and linguistic diversity.
As per 2011 census, Assam state had around 31.2 million people, out of which (15 million) were Assamese speakers comprising 48% of the state population, while (9 million) were Bengali speakers comprising 29% of the state population, and 3.21% spoke Hindi and its dialects.
(c) Explain, why Majuli island is so important.
Ans: The world’s largest river island and it attracts tourists from all over the world. Majuli is also a strong contender for a place in UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites. Mostly inhabited by Tribals, the culture of Majuli is unique. It is also called the cultural capital of Assam.
1. Majuli Island rapidly erodes due to floods each year Majuli Island sits slap bang in the middle of the Brahmaputra River. Each year the river levels rise higher and cause major flooding which consumes a massive part of the island.
2. In 20 years’ time it may not exist The future of this beautiful riverine island is uncertain for the Majuli tribes.
This is because the Majuli Island Protection & Development Council estimates that the island is at risk of completely submerging in 15 – 20 years’ time.
3. You can only access Majuli Island by ferry and it’s not 24 hours The only way to reach Majuli Island is to catch the ferry that runs 20 kilometres out of the main nearby city of Jorhat.
To make your way over to the Neemati Ghat ferry dock, you need to catch one of the many government rickshaws (30 rupees) or a private taxi.
(d) Discuss the problems caused due to population migration to Assam.
Ans: Demographic Imbalance: Migration, especially from neighboring countries like Bangladesh, has altered the demographic composition, causing ethnic tensions.
Strain on Resources: Increased population has put pressure on land, water, and other natural resources, reducing their availability for local inhabitants.
Cultural Conflicts: The arrival of migrants has led to cultural and linguistic friction, impacting the identity of indigenous communities.
Economic Challenges: Migrants often compete for employment and livelihood opportunities, leading to economic disparity and dissatisfaction among locals.
Political Unrest: Migration has fueled political debates and movements, including demands for stricter border control and implementation of the Assam Accord
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Declining of forest land: large areas of forest land and wasteland were occupied by immigrants for settlement and cultivation. Declining of forest land areas and settlement of immigrant has posed a serious threat to the wildlife and biodiversity of Assam.
1. Immigration during pre-British period: at an early stage, Mongoloid and Austro-Mongoloid people
were come to Assam. Simultaneously, Aryan people came from northern and Eastern India to this region. Sukapha established the Ahom dynasty in Assam. He also came to Assam after crossing the Patkai Mountains. All groups of people inhabiting in Assam have come from different places at different times of history.
2. Immigration during British Rule: In 1826, Yandaboo Treaty was signed between the British and
the Burmese. As a result, Assam went under the British colonial rule. The British government encouraged large scale of immigration into Assam. The British developed the tea industry in Assam.
3. Immigration during partition: In 1947, Bengal was partitioned into the Indian state of west Bengal
and the Pakistan province of East Bengal. The majority of East Bengali came and settled in the city
of Kolkata. Later, a number of people moved to the Barak valley of Assam and Tripura.
4. During Bangladesh war, 1971: In 1971, East Pakistan became an independent country and East Pakistan named was replaced as Bangladesh. During Bangladesh war, around 10.
(e) Give a short description of the Brahmaputra river course after entering India.
Ans: After entering India through Arunachal Pradesh, the Brahmaputra is called the Siang River. It flows through narrow gorges and then enters the Assam Valley near Sadiya, where it is joined by rivers like the Dibang and Lohit.
In Assam, it flows as a wide river, forming the world's largest riverine island, Majuli. Major tributaries such as the Subansiri, Manas, and Dhansiri join it here. The Brahmaputra flows southwest through the plains of Assam before entering Bangladesh near Dhubri, where it is called the Jamuna River.
Its vast network of tributaries and floodplains shapes the geography and culture of Assam, making it a lifeline for the region.. The Brahmaputra Valley has an average width of about 80 Km. The main river of the valley, Brahmaputra is one of the largest rivers in the world and rank fifth with respect to its average discharge. The river originates from the Kailash ranges of Himalayas at an elevation of 5300 M. After flowing through Tibet it enters India through Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Assam and Bangladesh before it joins Bay of Bengal.
The catchments area of Brahmaputra in Tibet is 2, 93,000 Sq. Km; in India and Bhutan is 2,40,000 Sq. Km and in Bangladesh is 47,000 Sq. Km. The Brahmaputra basin extends over an area of 5,80,000 Sq. Km up to its confluence within Bangladesh.
(f) Discuss briefly on the biodiversity indices.
Ans: Biodiversity indices are mathematical tools used to measure the variety and distribution of species within a habitat or ecosystem. These indices combine the concepts of species richness (the number of species present) and species evenness (the relative abundance of each species).
Shannon-Weaver Index: One of the most widely used biodiversity indices, it quantifies biodiversity by considering both richness and evenness. A higher value indicates greater diversity, while a lower value signifies dominance by a few species.
Simpson's Index: Focuses on the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample belong to the same species. Lower values indicate higher diversity.
Other Indices: Margalef’s Index and Pielou’s Evenness are also commonly used, each emphasizing different aspects of biodiversity.
These indices help ecologists evaluate ecosystem health, compare habitats, and understand the impact of environmental changes. For example, the Shannon-Weaver Index is often applied to study fish habitats and assess ecological balance
.4. What do you understand by map projection? Mention the basic difference between the major types of map projections.
Ans :A map projection is a method used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat surface like a map. Since the Earth is spherical, it is impossible to project it onto a plane without some distortion. Map projections are designed to minimize distortions in one or more aspects, such as area, shape, distance, or direction.
Due to this property of the globe, the shape and sizes of the continents and oceans are accurately shown on it. It also shows the directions and distances very accurately. The globe is divided into various segments by the lines of latitude and longitude.
The horizontal lines represent the parallels of latitude and the vertical lines represent the meridians of the longitude. The network of parallels and meridians is called graticule. This network facilitates drawing of maps. Drawing of the graticule on a flat surface is called projection.
The only factor that distinguishes different cylindrical map projections from one another is the scale used when spacing the parallel lines on the map.
While the areas near the Equator are the most likely to be accurate compared to the actual Earth, the parallels and meridians being straight lines don’t allow for the curvature of the Earth to be taken into consideration.
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Discuss the importance of remote sensing in geographical studies. Write briefly the application of Geographical Information System in map making.
Ans: Remote sensing refers to the process of collecting data about the Earth's surface using sensors mounted on satellites, aircraft, or drones. It plays a vital role in geographical studies for several reasons:
Data Collection Over Large Areas: Remote sensing allows for the collection of data over vast areas, often difficult to access on the ground. This is especially useful for studying large-scale environmental phenomena like deforestation, urbanization, or climate change.
Real-Time Monitoring: It provides real-time or near-real-time data, enabling quick responses to natural disasters, land-use changes, and environmental hazards.
Environmental and Resource Management: Remote sensing helps monitor natural resources such as forests, water bodies, and soil, which is crucial for conservation efforts and sustainable resource management.
Mapping and Land Use Planning: It enables the creation of detailed and accurate maps of land use, land cover, vegetation types, and urban growth, helping in urban planning and development.
Disaster Management: Remote sensing aids in disaster monitoring, early warning systems, and assessment of damage from events like floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes.
Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoring deforestation in areas such as the Amazon Basin, glacial features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, and depth sounding of coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the Cold War made use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not disturbed.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. GIS can show many different kinds of data on one map, such as streets, buildings, and vegetation. This enables people to more easily see, analyze, and understand patterns and relationships.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. By relating seemingly unrelated data, GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns and relationships.
5. Find out the correct answers from the following:
(a) In which year the Sipoy Mutiny in India outbreak against the Britishers?
(i) 1833
(ii) 1838
(iii) 1853
(iv) 1857
Ans: (iv) 1857.
(b) Who discovered tea plants in Assam?
(i) C. A. Bruce
(ii) Robert Bruce
(iii) Krishnaram Nayabagish
(iv) David Scott.
Ans: (ii) Robert Bruce.
(c) The Bishnoi religious sect is an inhabitant of
(Ai) Uttarakhand
(ii) Kerala
(iii) Western Thar Desert
(iv) North of Himachal Pradesh.
Ans: (iii) Western Thar Desert.
(d) In which state of India the ‘Chipko’ movement was started?
(i) Rajasthan
(ii) Uttarakhand
(iii) Kerala
(iv) Bihar
Ans: (ii) Uttarakhand.
(e) In which year the peasants of Phulaguri in Nowgong revolted against British Tax Policy?
(i) 1828
(ii) 1857
(iii) 1861
(iv) 1893
Ans: (iii) 1861.
(f) In which book Assam is called “The land of rearing silkworm”?
(i) Ramayan
(ii) Mahabharat
(iii) Rigveda
(iv) Bhagawata Purana.
Ans: (i) Ramayan.
6. Write short answers of the following: (any four)
(a) Mention two places of Assam famous for bell-metal industry.
Ans: Hajo and Sarthebari.
(b) Mention two types of human immigration.
Ans: 1. internal migration: moving within a state, country, or continent.
2. external migration: moving to a different state, country, or continent.
(c) In which years the two major earthquakes with magnitude above & Richter occurred in Assam?
Ans: The 1897 Assam Earthquake, which occurred on 12th June 1897, with a magnitude of 8.1 to 8.3, caused widespread damage and had significant effects on the region, including the uplift of land and large cracks in the earth’s surface.
The 1950 Assam Earthquake, which occurred on 15th August 1950, had a magnitude of 8.6 and was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the region. It affected a large part of Northeast India, particularly Assam, with significant loss of life and destruction to infrastructure.
(d) Mention two types of land classified during the Ahom rules in Assam.
Ans: Debottar, Dharmottar.
(e) Name two items made of ivory.
Ans: okimono, netsukes.
7. Answer the following questions: (any five)
(a) Write briefly on the background of the Treaty of Yandaboo.
Ans:The Treaty of Yandaboo, signed on 24th February 1826, marked the end of the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Burma (now Myanmar). The war had broken out due to territorial disputes and Burma’s expansionist policies into areas that were under British influence, particularly in northeastern India.
The British forces, after a series of military campaigns, successfully defeated the Burmese. The Treaty of Yandaboo was signed at a small village called Yandaboo, located on the banks of the Irrawaddy River, near the town of Mandalay in Burma. The treaty's main provisions were:
The Treaty of Yandaboo was signed by Gen. Campbell from the British side and Governor of Legaing Maha Min Hla Kyaw Htin from the Burmese side on 24 February 1826.[8] The Burmese paid 250,000 pounds sterling in gold and silver bullion as the first installment of the indemnity, and also released British prisoners of war.
After the Treaty, British controlled Assam and thus became the masters of Brahmaputra Valley and they began to consolidate their rule. In 1830, the Kachari king Govinda Chandra was assassinated and the British annexed Kachari kingdom in 1832. Also later on the British included part of Goalpara district and Sylhet district of then Bengal into Assam which they (British) received in 1765, from Moghul Emperor Shah Alam.
(b) Mention the important steps taken by the Assam Association.
Ans: The Assam Association, formed in 1885, played a significant role in the political and social development of Assam during the British colonial period. It was one of the first organizations in Assam to actively work towards the welfare of the Assamese people. Some of the important steps taken by the Assam Association include:
Advocating for Assamese Rights: The Assam Association focused on raising awareness about the cultural, social, and economic issues faced by the Assamese people under British rule. It worked towards securing the rights of the native population in terms of employment, land rights, and educational opportunities.
Promoting the Assamese Language: The Association emphasized the promotion of the Assamese language and culture. It sought to protect and preserve Assamese identity, which was under threat due to the influx of Bengali-speaking immigrants in the region.
Encouraging Political Participation: The Assam Association played a key role in encouraging the people of Assam to participate in the political process. It acted as a platform for political discussion and worked to represent the interests of the Assamese in the larger national movement for independence.
Demanding Representation in the Legislative Council: One of the significant steps taken by the Assam Association was to demand that Assam be adequately represented in the British Legislative Council. It aimed to ensure that the political interests of Assam were addressed at the national level.
Fighting for Socio-Economic Development: The Assam Association also raised issues concerning the socio-economic development of Assam, including better infrastructure, education, and health facilities. It advocated for the development of tea industry and transport systems to boost the economy of the state.
Opposing the Partition of Bengal: The Assam Association opposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British, which was seen as an attempt to divide and weaken the unity of the people in the region. The Association supported the broader Indian nationalist movement against the British.
(c) Write briefly on the ‘Quit India’ movement in Assam.
Ans: The Quit India Movement was the definitive freedom movement of India’s Independence struggle.
Like the rest of the nation, several prominent leaders from Assam made a significant contribution to the movement and were also arrested within days of adopting the movement.
In Assam, the Quit India Movement took place at Kamrup, Nagaon, Darrang, Sivasagar, Golaghat, and Barpeta. Assam witnessed an unmatched game of tears and blood during the 1942 Quit India Movement. For the first time, the role of Assam in the independence movement came to the fore. Several Assamese women, who were members of the Mrityu-Bahini or Santi-Sena were the backbone of the movement.
Here are some of the freedom fighters from Assam who played a significant role in the Quit India Movement:
Kushal Konwar: Kushal Konwar was the only martyr in the country who was hanged during the Quit India Movement.
Hem Barua: Hem Barua was a freedom fighter, poet and social activist from Assam. he left the job of a lecturer to participate in ‘Quit India Movement’ for which he was imprisoned in 1943. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of the modern literary movement in Assam.
Other significant fighters from Assam who made an untimely sacrifice for the country’s independence are – Mukunda Kakoti, Monbor Nath, Moniram Boro, Ratan kochari, Kumoli Devi, Kohuli Devi, Kolai Koch, Hemoram Pator.
(d) Discuss briefly the importance of Bamboo and Cane craft in Assam.
Ans: Bamboo and cane crafts of Assam is rich in sylvan resources and the availability of raw material of great versatility forms takes an integral part of the lifestyle and economy of Assam. The inhabitants of Assam have their own bamboo and cane products with distinctive style of creating typical designs in bamboo and cane crafts. The products of the plain districts differ from that of the hill districts in use, shape and design.
The bamboo and cane crafts of Assam have a variety of products like bamboo mats, sital pati, baskets of various sizes and shapes, winnowing trays, sieves, japi or chatta, various types of fishing implements, etc. that are manufactured in large numbers in the plains districts of the state. Items like Chalani (sieve), Kula (winnowing fan), Khorahi (small basket), Dukula or Tukuri (Big basket), Dala (bamboo tray), Duli (Assamese)or Tali (Bengali) that are big basket, Doon in Assamese or Kathi in Bengali, Dhol (big measure) are of immense importance to the people of Assam.
(e) Explain briefly the development of railway transport in Assam.
Ans:The development of railway transport in Assam began in the late 19th century and played a crucial role in connecting the region with the rest of India, facilitating trade, movement of people, and economic development.
The first significant step towards railway development in Assam was the construction of the Dibrugarh-Sadiya line, which began in 1882 and completed in 1884. This railway line helped connect the tea-growing areas in the Upper Assam region, particularly in Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, and Jorhat, to the rest of the country, promoting the tea industry and enhancing the transportation of goods like tea, timber, and oil.
In 1902, the Eastern Bengal Railway connected Dhubri in Assam with Calcutta, making it the first major link between Assam and the rest of India by rail. This connection facilitated the export of Assam’s tea and oil to other regions.
The Assam Bengal Railway was established in 1904, extending the rail network to Chittagong (now in Bangladesh) and connecting the eastern part of Assam. This development further promoted trade and communication between Assam and neighboring regions.
In the early 20th century, rail networks expanded within Assam, including lines from Guwahati to Lumding (constructed in 1897), Tezpur to Balipara, and from Mariani to Titabor. The opening of these lines strengthened internal connectivity.
With the advent of Indian independence in 1947, further efforts were made to improve railway transport in Assam. Modernization of the railway infrastructure, electrification of some sections, and the introduction of new trains enhanced connectivity between Assam and the rest of India.
Today, Assam is well-connected by rail, and the development of the Northeast Frontier Railway has played a pivotal role in integrating Assam with other northeastern states and the broader Indian economy. The railway network continues to serve as an essential mode of transportation for both passengers and goods in the region.
(f) Give a brief description on the Land Policy of Ahoms in Assam.
Ans: there were practices whereby the Ahom King used to gift land to certain categories of people and institutions. Such grants of lands were free and devoid of any future transactions.
The following divisions were made under the Revenue-free lands, also known as the Lakhirajdars granted by the King-
1. Debottar Lands: Lands were granted by the King to be dedicated to religious idols.
2. Dharmottar Lands: Lands that were granted by the King for religious activities or religious institutions
3. Brahmottar Lands: Lands which were granted by the King to be gifted to the Brahmins, priests, or the Highly-learned.
8. Explain the impacts of the immigration on Assamese culture and life.
Ans: A strong impact is also envisioned in the spheres of language and religion. Assam, being a Hindu majority state, fears that it will become Muslims dominated state due to influx of illegal migrants. This is also become a strong resentment between Assamese Muslims, who have made Assam their home for centuries.
Language and Religion:
Assam is mostly a Hindu state, and there is a growing concern that the Muslim population may eventually outnumber the Hindus due to the arrival of many Muslim immigrants. This has caused a lot of fear about losing Assamese language and cultural traditions. There has been tension between Assamese Muslims, who have lived in the state for generations, and the newer immigrants. People feel that their language and culture might be overshadowed by the increasing number of outsiders.
The Assam Movement (1979–1985):
The fear of losing cultural identity led to the Assam Movement, which took place from 1979 to 1985. This was a major protest against the illegal migration of people into the state. The movement aimed to protect Assamese culture and identity. It resulted in strikes, protests, and violence. The protests caused major problems, including the collapse of local governments and the imposition of President’s Rule in the state. The people were worried that if the number of immigrants kept growing, they would lose control over their language, religion, and way of life.
Problems with Resources:
Another major concern was that the large number of migrants would lead to overuse of resources like land, water, and jobs. The local people feared that they would face economic instability as migrants competed for the same resources. This caused resentment among the Assamese people, who felt that their own needs would be neglected.
Impact on the Northeast:
This problem wasn’t only limited to Assam; it affected other Northeastern states as well. As migrants settled in these areas, there were concerns about economic exploitation and loss of political control. The local populations felt threatened and worried that they might be pushed aside by the growing number of outsiders.
Conclusion:
In short, the migration issue has caused serious problems for the people of Assam. The Assam Movement was a way for the people to protect their cultural identity and resources from being overshadowed by immigrants. The concerns about losing language, religion, and resources continue to be important issues in Assam today.
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Briefly explain the causes of environmental degradation in Assam. Mention the major movements to protect environment occurred in India.
Ans: Assam has abundant natural resources such as land resources , forest resources , mineral resources and water resources. But these resources are getting depleted at a fast rate. The main reason for this rapid depletion is the immense pressure put on the ever- growing population of the state.
This Increasing population has put an impact on the natural resources in the following ways:
(i) Growth of population has led to demand for more settlements.
(ii) High population means more food-crops need to be produced.As agricultural lands have been used for Agriculture.
(iii) Growing population also means parallel development of transport, industry and energy sectors leading to near exhaustion of non- renewal mineral resources.
Major Environmental Movements in India
Major Environmental Movements in India:
India has witnessed several movements to protect its environment from degradation. Some notable ones include:
Bishnoi Movement: A movement where people, especially in Rajasthan, protested against cutting trees and killing animals, emphasizing the importance of conservation.
Chipko Movement: A famous movement in the 1970s in Uttarakhand, where villagers hugged trees to prevent them from being cut down, promoting forest conservation.
Save Silent Valley Movement: A movement to protect the Silent Valley in Kerala from being turned into a hydroelectric project, focusing on preserving biodiversity.
Jungle Bachao Andholan: A movement in various parts of India aiming to protect forests and prevent deforestation for industrial or agricultural purposes.
Appiko Movement: A similar tree-hugging movement in Karnataka, inspired by Chipko, where people protested against deforestation and worked towards forest conservation.
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