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SWADESH ADHYAYAN (2024)
(For New Course Students)
Full Marks: 80 (Part-I: 40 + Part-II: 40)
Pass Marks: 24
(For Old Course Students in lieu of Project Works)
Full Marks: 100 (Part-I: 40 + Part-II: 40 + Part-III: 20)
Pass Marks: 30
Time: Three Hours
(Those who appeared in the H.S. Final Exam-2023 or earlier are treated as Old Course students)
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.
For New Course
PART-I (Geography)
Total Marks: 40
1. Find out the correct answer from the following questions: (1×4 = 4)
(a) In which year was coal discovered in Assam?
(i) 1865
(ii) 1857
(iii) 1700
(iv) 1847
Ans: (i) 1865
(b) As per the 2011 Census, the literacy rate of Assam is:
(i) 74.2%
(ii) 73.3%
(iii) 70.8%
(iv) 72.2%
Ans: (ii) 73.3%
(c) What is the type of climate in Assam?
(i) Wet Sub-Tropical
(ii) Tropical
(iii) Arid
(iv) Hot and Humid
Ans: (i) Wet Sub-Tropical
(d) Recent satellite imagery has shown that the percentage of forest cover in Assam is:
(i) 17%
(ii) 27%
(iii) 21%
(iv) 37%
Ans: (ii) 27%
2. Answer the following questions in short: (2×3 = 6)
(a) Write two major physiographic divisions of Assam.
Ans: The Brahmaputra Valley and the Barak Valley.
(b) Mention two causes of water pollution.
Ans: Industrial discharge and agricultural runoff.
(c) What is skill development?
Ans: Skill development is the process of enhancing an individual’s capabilities and competencies through training, education, and hands-on experience to improve performance in a specific field.
3. Answer any two of the following questions in short: (3×2 = 6)
(a) Write three causes of migration.
Ans:
1. Economic opportunities (employment or better wages).
2. Natural disasters (floods, droughts, etc.).3. Social and political factors (conflict or better living conditions).
(b) What is surveying?
Ans: Surveying is the process of measuring and mapping out the positions, distances, and angles between points on the Earth's surface to determine boundaries, plot maps, or plan construction projects.
(c) What are the types of map scales?
Ans:
Verbal scale: Describes the ratio in words (e.g., "1 inch equals 1 mile").
Linear scale (Bar scale): A graphical representation of distance.
Representative Fraction: Expresses the scale as a fraction (e.g., 1:50,000).
(d) Write a note on the red soil of Assam.
Ans: Red soil in Assam is rich in iron and alumina and found primarily in the hilly areas. It is often less fertile due to poor water retention and lower organic content but supports specific crops, especially in well-drained regions.
4. Answer the following questions (any four): (6×4 = 24)
(a) Discuss the influence of Monsoon winds on the economy of Assam.
The monsoon winds play a significant role in shaping the economy of Assam, especially with regard to agriculture, water resources, and overall livelihood. Assam experiences a tropical monsoon climate, and the arrival of the southwest monsoon during the months of June to September brings heavy rainfall. This rainfall is essential for agriculture, as Assam is primarily an agrarian state, with rice being the dominant crop. The monsoon rains provide the necessary water for paddy cultivation and other crops like tea, jute, and mustard. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can cause damage to crops, infrastructure, and homes, negatively affecting the local economy. Additionally, the monsoon winds contribute to the state's water resources, replenishing rivers, lakes, and groundwater reserves, which are crucial for agriculture and daily living. Furthermore, the monsoon also impacts the tea industry, which is a major economic driver in Assam. While the rains provide an ideal growing environment for tea, excessive rainfall can lead to disruptions in tea harvesting and processing. Overall, the monsoon winds have both positive and negative influences on Assam's economy, and the state's economy is closely tied to the success of the monsoon season.
(b) Define sustainable development and explain its goals.
Sustainable development is a development approach that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a holistic concept that involves balancing environmental, social, and economic factors to promote long-term well-being for all. Sustainable development aims to create a balance between growth and conservation by utilizing resources efficiently and equitably while protecting the environment. The goals of sustainable development are outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which include ending poverty, promoting good health and well-being, ensuring quality education, achieving gender equality, providing clean water and sanitation, fostering economic growth, and tackling climate change. These goals emphasize the need for inclusive growth that benefits all sectors of society, while ensuring the preservation of natural resources and ecosystems. Sustainable development also focuses on reducing inequalities and fostering a fairer and more just society, where every individual has access to the resources needed to lead a fulfilling life.
(c) Explain how Geographical Information System (GIS) helps in geographical studies.
Geographical Information System (GIS) is a powerful tool used in geographical studies to collect, analyze, and interpret spatial and geographical data. GIS allows geographers and researchers to map, visualize, and analyze patterns and relationships in data related to geography, such as land use, topography, climate, and population distribution. GIS helps in geographical studies by enabling researchers to examine how different variables interact in space and time. For example, GIS is used in urban planning to analyze land use patterns, in environmental science to monitor and manage natural resources, and in disaster management to assess areas at risk of floods or earthquakes. GIS provides precise and accurate data, which is crucial for decision-making in various fields such as transportation, agriculture, forestry, and urban development. By integrating different layers of information, GIS provides a comprehensive view of complex geographical issues, helping to make informed decisions. Furthermore, GIS facilitates better resource management, land planning, and environmental conservation, making it an invaluable tool in modern geographical studies.
(d) Write a note on the need for biodiversity conservation and explain the present status of Assam's biodiversity.
Biodiversity conservation is crucial for maintaining the health and stability of ecosystems, which in turn support human life and well-being. The preservation of biodiversity is important because it helps to ensure the survival of various species, maintain genetic diversity, and protect vital ecosystem services such as pollination, water purification, and climate regulation. Loss of biodiversity can lead to the collapse of ecosystems and the loss of valuable resources, including food, medicine, and raw materials. In Assam, biodiversity conservation is particularly significant due to the region's rich and diverse flora and fauna. Assam is home to several unique species, including the one-horned rhinoceros, golden langur, and hoolock gibbon, making it a biodiversity hotspot. However, Assam's biodiversity faces numerous challenges, including habitat loss, deforestation, poaching, and climate change. The state has made efforts to conserve its biodiversity through the establishment of protected areas like Kaziranga and Manas National Parks, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Despite these efforts, the growing human population, industrialization, and urbanization continue to threaten Assam’s rich biodiversity. To ensure the long-term survival of its ecosystems and wildlife, it is essential for Assam to implement more effective conservation strategies, raise awareness, and strengthen the protection of its natural habitats.
(e) Classify map projections into different types and explain any one in detail.
Map projections are techniques used to represent the three-dimensional surface of the Earth on a two-dimensional plane. Due to the spherical shape of the Earth, various distortions (in terms of area, shape, distance, or direction) can occur when mapping. These distortions are minimized through different types of map projections. The types of map projections are generally classified as follows:
Cylindrical Projections: In this projection, the Earth is projected onto a cylinder, and the cylinder is then unrolled to form a flat map. It preserves direction but distorts area, especially near the poles. A well-known example is the Mercator projection.
Conic Projections: This type of projection projects the Earth onto a cone, which is then unwrapped into a flat map. It is most suitable for mapping mid-latitude regions. The Albers Conic Projection is an example.
Azimuthal (Planar) Projections: In this projection, the Earth is projected onto a flat plane. The plane touches the Earth at a single point, typically the poles. It is best for mapping polar regions. An example is the Stereographic Projection.
Interrupted Projections: This projection reduces distortion by cutting the globe into several sections and then projecting each section separately. Goode’s Homolosine Projection is an example of this type.
Polyconic Projections: These projections use multiple cones and are mainly used for mapping large areas such as countries or regions. The Polyconic Projection is commonly used in topographic mapping.
Explanation of Cylindrical Projections (Mercator Projection)
The Mercator Projection is one of the most famous cylindrical projections, first developed by the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It is designed to represent the Earth’s surface on a rectangular grid. The main feature of this projection is that it preserves angles and shapes, making it ideal for navigation purposes, as sailors can use straight lines on the map to plot courses. However, the Mercator projection distorts area, particularly near the poles. The size of landmasses increases dramatically as one moves towards the poles, making Greenland and Antarctica appear much larger than they actually are. Despite its area distortions, the Mercator projection remains popular for maritime navigation and is widely used in Google Maps for online mapping.
(f) Write a note on the Bell and Brass-Metal industry of Assam.
The Bell and Brass-Metal industry of Assam is one of the state’s most ancient and significant cottage industries, with its roots deeply embedded in the cultural and religious practices of the region. This industry is known for producing a variety of products, including traditional bells, utensils, and idols, as well as decorative items made of brass and other metals. The art of metal casting and bell-making in Assam has a long history, and it has been passed down through generations, mainly by the skilled artisans of the Assamese communities.
The production process involves the use of traditional methods like sand casting, where artisans create molds for metal objects using a mixture of sand, clay, and other materials. Once the mold is prepared, molten brass or other metals are poured into the mold to form the required shape. The most famous products of this industry are the large, beautifully crafted temple bells, used in religious rituals in the temples of Assam. The quality of the metalwork is highly regarded for its durability and intricate designs.
The industry also produces everyday items like utensils, lamps, and jewelry, which are highly sought after in both local and national markets. Brass products, in particular, are valued for their aesthetic appeal and their functionality. The industry faces challenges like a lack of technological advancements, limited market access, and the rising cost of raw materials. However, efforts have been made to modernize and promote these traditional crafts through government support, exhibitions, and promotional activities.
The Bell and Brass-Metal industry not only contributes to Assam’s economy by providing employment to local artisans but also plays a vital role in preserving the cultural heritage of the region. Despite modern industrialization, this industry continues to thrive, offering a glimpse into Assam's rich cultural and artisanal traditions.
PART-II (History)
Total Marks: 40
1. Find out the correct answers from the following: (1×4 = 4)
(a) Which of the following environmental movements was organized against the destruction of tropical evergreen forests?
(i) Chipko Movement
(ii) Silent Valley Movement
(iii) Appiko Movement
(iv) Bishnoi Movement
Answer: (ii) Silent Valley Movement
(b) From where was Arunodoi published?
(i) Sivasagar
(ii) Guwahati
(iii) Kolkata
(iv) Tezpur
Answer: (ii) Guwahati
(c) What is Roh used for?
(i) Wood gum
(ii) Water purification
(iii) Lac production
(iv) Gunpowder preparation
Answer: (iii) Lac production
(d) In which year did the Phulaguri revolt take place?
(i) 1947
(ii) 1861
(iii) 1857
(iv) 1950
Answer: (ii) 1861.
2. Answer the following questions in short (any three): (2×3 = 6)
(a) Who was Gomdhar Konwar?
Answer: Gomdhar Konwar was an Assamese freedom fighter and a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement. He is best known for his role in the historic 1857 revolt (also known as the First War of Independence). Konwar, along with others, played a significant role in raising resistance against the British colonial rule in Assam. His dedication to the freedom struggle and his contributions in organizing peasants and communities made him a key figure in Assam's anti-colonial movement.
(b) What is Tribal Belt?
Answer: The Tribal Belt refers to regions where indigenous tribal communities predominantly reside. These areas have unique socio-cultural structures and are often defined by their distinct customs, languages, and traditions. In Assam, the Tribal Belt is typically characterized by areas where tribal communities like the Bodos, Karbis, and others live in large numbers. The concept also refers to regions where the local tribes enjoy special provisions for land rights and social welfare to preserve their cultural heritage and promote their development.
(c) What is Inner Line?
Answer: The Inner Line refers to a special border area where certain restrictions are imposed on the movement of non-indigenous people or settlers. In Assam, the Inner Line is historically associated with the Inner Line Permit (ILP), which is a travel document required for individuals from outside the protected tribal areas to enter certain regions. This system is primarily intended to safeguard the rights and land of the indigenous tribal population by controlling migration and settlement.
(d) Classify land into different types.
Answer: Land can be classified into various types based on its use, topography, and features. Some of the major classifications include:
Agricultural Land: Used for growing crops, fruits, vegetables, and raising livestock.
Forest Land: Covered with forests, used for the preservation of flora and fauna.
Waste Land: Unused or unproductive land, which may have limited agricultural potential or be unsuitable for development.
Residential Land: Used for building houses, infrastructure, and other residential purposes.
Industrial Land: Dedicated to the establishment of industries and factories.
Commercial Land: Set aside for businesses, shops, and offices.
Barren Land: Land with poor fertility or natural resources, often unused for farming or habitation.
Hilly or Mountainous Land: Land that is elevated, typically unsuitable for regular farming, but valuable for forestry or tourism.
3. Answer any two of the following questions in short: (3×2 = 6)
(a) Explain the provisions of the Treaty of Yandaboo.
Answer: The Treaty of Yandaboo was signed in 1826 between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Burma after the First Anglo-Burmese War. The main provisions of the treaty included the cession of Assam, Manipur, and Arakan to the British, along with the right to establish trading posts in Burma. The Burmese were required to pay an indemnity of 1 million rupees, and the British were granted control over the frontier regions. This treaty marked the beginning of British control in Assam, bringing it under British colonial rule.
(b) Write a note on the Paik system.
Answer: The Paik system was an old military system in Assam, practiced under the Ahom rulers. In this system, every able-bodied male from the Ahom kingdom's subjects was required to serve in the military as a "Paik" (soldier). The Paiks were responsible for various tasks, including military service, labor, and other duties for the state. The Paik system helped the Ahom kings maintain a strong army and defend the kingdom, particularly during times of conflict with neighboring powers. The system continued to evolve until it was gradually replaced during British rule.
(c) Discuss the changes initiated by British rule in Assam.
Answer: British rule in Assam brought about several significant changes. The most notable was the annexation of Assam in 1826 after the Treaty of Yandaboo, which led to the establishment of direct British control. The British introduced a revenue system that was based on the land tenure system, which affected the traditional methods of farming. The introduction of tea cultivation transformed Assam's economy, leading to the establishment of the tea industry. Infrastructure improvements, such as the building of roads and railways, also occurred under British rule. Additionally, education and administration reforms were introduced, shaping modern Assam's socio-economic landscape.
(d) Write a note on the Tea Industry of Assam.
Answer: The Tea Industry of Assam is one of the most important sectors in the state's economy. Tea cultivation began during British rule in the 19th century when the British introduced tea planting in the fertile regions of Assam. The tea industry thrives due to Assam's ideal climate and soil conditions. The state is one of the largest tea-producing regions in the world, known for its distinct strong-flavored black tea. Assam tea is exported globally and contributes significantly to the state's revenue and employment. The industry supports millions of workers, particularly in the tea gardens, and has played a vital role in shaping Assam's economic development
4. Answer the following questions (any four): (6×4 = 24)
(a) Write a note on the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase of India's struggle for independence, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful protest against British rule, with the primary aim of gaining self-rule for India. The movement was in response to several injustices, including the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the harsh Rowlatt Act. Gandhi urged the Indian masses to boycott British goods, schools, law courts, and elections, and to adopt a self-reliant approach through the promotion of khadi and spinning. The movement gathered significant momentum across India, including Assam. However, the movement faced a setback after the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, where a violent mob killed 22 policemen, leading Gandhi to call off the movement. Despite its early end, the Non-Cooperation Movement played a crucial role in shaping India's path toward independence by fostering unity and awakening national consciousness.
(b) Discuss the causes and impact of environmental changes in Assam after 1947.
Answer: After 1947, Assam underwent significant environmental changes due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and demographic shifts. The primary causes of environmental degradation include deforestation, agricultural expansion, and the growth of infrastructure. The large-scale deforestation for tea estates, timber, and agricultural land has led to soil erosion and loss of biodiversity. The increase in population and urbanization has put a strain on the region's resources, contributing to air and water pollution. The construction of dams and roads has altered the natural flow of rivers, leading to flooding and habitat loss. Additionally, illegal mining and unregulated resource extraction have caused environmental harm. The impact of these changes is seen in the reduced forest cover, loss of wildlife, soil erosion, and pollution, all of which have adversely affected both the ecology and the livelihood of local communities in Assam.
(c) Write a note on the beginning of the petroleum industry in Assam.
Answer: The petroleum industry in Assam dates back to the late 19th century when oil was discovered in the region. In 1889, oil was found in the Digboi area of Upper Assam by the British. The first commercial oil well was drilled in 1867 by the Assam Railways and Trading Company, but it was in 1889 that the discovery of oil at Digboi truly marked the beginning of the petroleum industry in Assam. The British established the Digboi Oil Refinery in 1901, which became one of the oldest refineries in the world. Assam's petroleum reserves became a significant contributor to the Indian economy, and the state is still home to several oil refineries and exploration activities. The discovery of oil led to the establishment of an industrial base in Assam and provided employment opportunities to many, while also fostering infrastructure development in the region. The growth of the petroleum industry helped shape Assam’s economic and industrial landscape for decades.
(d) Discuss the historical background of the migration of East Bengal farmers to Assam.
Answer: The migration of East Bengal farmers to Assam started in the late 19th century and continued in the 20th century, particularly during British colonial rule. The primary push factor for migration was the lack of fertile land in Bengal, which led to an agrarian crisis. The British encouraged migration to Assam to cultivate the fertile lands of the Brahmaputra Valley, especially for the tea industry and agricultural expansion. The government offered inducements like land grants and tax exemptions, which attracted many Bengali peasants. This influx of East Bengali farmers had a significant impact on Assam’s demographic and socio-economic fabric. The settlers mainly came from the East Bengal region (now Bangladesh), and their presence contributed to changes in the local agricultural practices and economic structure. However, the migration also led to tensions with the indigenous communities, as the influx of migrants affected land ownership, employment, and social relations in the region. These tensions over land and identity became a recurring issue in Assam’s political discourse.
(e) Explain in detail the Quit India Movement in Assam.
Answer: The Quit India Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942, was one of the most significant movements for India's independence. It was a call for the immediate withdrawal of British colonial rule from India, symbolized by the slogan "Do or Die." The movement was initiated after the failure of the Cripps Mission and the increasing frustration among Indians due to British policies during World War II. In Assam, the movement was particularly strong, with leaders like Gopinath Bordoloi, Lakhidhar Bezbaruah, and others actively participating. The Assamese population joined the movement in large numbers, despite harsh repression by the British. People took to the streets, organized strikes, and protested against the British government. The British authorities arrested several leaders, including Gopinath Bordoloi, and imposed martial law in many areas. In rural Assam, people actively supported the movement by boycotting British goods and engaging in civil disobedience. The movement, although suppressed, created a lasting impact, as it further galvanized the people of Assam in their fight for independence. After 1942, the Quit India Movement remained a critical part of the freedom struggle, and the political atmosphere in Assam became more anti-colonial in nature.
(f) Write about silkworm rearing, spinning, and weaving in Assam.
Answer: Assam has a rich tradition of sericulture, which includes silkworm rearing, spinning, and weaving. The state is known for producing various types of silk, including the famous Muga silk, which is exclusive to Assam. The silkworm rearing process begins with the selection of healthy silkworm eggs, which are incubated at controlled temperatures. Once the larvae hatch, they are fed mulberry leaves (in the case of mulberry silk) or other suitable plants, depending on the type of silk being produced. As the silkworms grow, they spin cocoons from which silk threads are extracted.
After the cocoons are harvested, the silk is boiled to soften the sericin, the protein that holds the threads together. The spinning process involves unwinding the silk threads from the cocoons, which are then twisted into fine threads. This spun silk is used for weaving, a skill that has been perfected in Assam for centuries. The traditional weaving of silk is done on handlooms, particularly by the Assamese women. The art of weaving in Assam is highly regarded, with intricate patterns and designs woven into beautiful sarees, stoles, and other garments. The most famous products of Assamese silk weaving include Muga and Paat silk sarees, which are prized for their sheen, texture, and durability. Silk weaving is not only a significant part of Assam’s cultural heritage but also plays a vital role in the rural economy, providing livelihoods for thousands of people.
(g) Explain the causes and consequences of the Peasant Uprising at Phulaguri.
Answer: The Peasant Uprising at Phulaguri, which took place in 1861, was one of the earliest revolts against the British colonial administration in Assam. The uprising occurred in the context of widespread discontent among the peasants due to the oppressive policies and high taxes imposed by the British government. One of the main causes was the imposition of a heavy land revenue tax under the Ryotwari system, which burdened the farmers and made it difficult for them to sustain their livelihoods. The British also levied taxes on forest products, including bamboo and timber, which were vital for the local economy.
Another major cause of the uprising was the British government's interference in the traditional land rights of the local peasantry. The colonial policies undermined the socio-economic structure of the region, leading to increased economic hardships. The immediate spark for the Phulaguri revolt was the brutal actions of the British authorities when they attempted to enforce their tax policies. In October 1861, peasants from Phulaguri, led by leaders like Gomdhar Konwar, rose against the British officers. The revolt was marked by violent clashes, and the peasants were able to inflict significant damage on the British forces.
The consequences of the Phulaguri Uprising were far-reaching. Although the revolt was suppressed, it served as an important precursor to the later peasant struggles in Assam and India. The uprising highlighted the growing dissatisfaction with British rule and sparked a series of protests and movements across Assam. It also led to the consolidation of British control in Assam, as the colonial authorities began to tighten their grip over the region and introduced even more oppressive measures. The rebellion, however, remained a symbol of the peasants' resistance to colonial exploitation, contributing to the broader narrative of India’s fight for independence.
PART-III
(For Old Course Students in lieu of Project Works)
Total Marks: 20
1. Answer the following questions (any five): (4×5 = 20)
(a) Explain why Majuli Island is so important.
Answer: Majuli Island holds immense cultural, ecological, and historical importance in Assam. Situated on the Brahmaputra River, Majuli is the world's largest river island, known for its scenic beauty and rich biodiversity. The island is famous for being the cultural capital of Assam due to its association with Vaishnavism and the Sattriya tradition, a classical dance form that originated in the region. It is home to several monasteries or ‘sattras’ that play a pivotal role in preserving Assamese culture and promoting social harmony. Majuli is also known for its vibrant festivals, such as the Raas festival, which attract both local and international visitors. Ecologically, Majuli is a hotspot for various species of birds, making it significant for biodiversity conservation. Unfortunately, due to erosion caused by the Brahmaputra, the island has been shrinking, and urgent conservation efforts are required to preserve its heritage and biodiversity.
(b) Give a short description of the Brahmaputra river course after entering India.
Answer: The Brahmaputra River, one of the longest rivers in the world, enters India from Tibet, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo. Upon crossing the Indo-Tibetan border into the state of Arunachal Pradesh, it is called the Siang River. The river then flows through the states of Assam and enters Bangladesh, where it is known as the Jamuna River. In Assam, the Brahmaputra flows through a wide, meandering valley, forming numerous channels and islands. It is characterized by its heavy sediment load, which makes the river prone to flooding. The river plays a central role in the agriculture, transportation, and economy of Assam, supporting the livelihoods of millions of people. It is also a vital water source for both India and Bangladesh.
(c) Explain the concept of remote sensing and its use in geographical studies.
Answer: Remote sensing refers to the technique of acquiring information about an object or area without making direct physical contact. It involves the use of satellite or aerial sensors to collect data, which is then analyzed to understand the geographical features and processes of the Earth's surface. In geographical studies, remote sensing is used to monitor environmental changes, map land cover, assess natural resources, and track urban development. It is especially useful for studying large or inaccessible areas, such as forests, oceans, and deserts. Remote sensing has applications in disaster management, agriculture, forestry, environmental monitoring, and urban planning, providing valuable insights that aid in decision-making and resource management.
(d) State five causes of low population density in the hilly districts of Assam.
Answer: The low population density in the hilly districts of Assam can be attributed to several factors:
Rugged Terrain: The hilly, mountainous terrain makes it difficult to build infrastructure, which limits settlement and agricultural activities.
Poor Connectivity: The lack of proper roads and transportation networks in these regions makes accessibility challenging, discouraging migration and settlement.
Limited Arable Land: The steep slopes and rocky surfaces in the hilly areas limit the availability of fertile land for farming, which is a major source of livelihood.
Shallow and Infertile Soil: The soil in many hilly areas is thin and not suitable for large-scale farming, contributing to low agricultural productivity.
Inadequate Rainfall: While these areas receive some rainfall, it is often irregular and insufficient for sustaining a large population, especially in the absence of irrigation infrastructure.
(e) Write briefly about the background of the Treaty of Yandaboo.
Answer: The Treaty of Yandaboo, signed in 1826, marked the end of the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826). The war, which had been fought over territorial disputes and trade routes, resulted in significant losses for Burma. The treaty was signed on February 24, 1826, between the British East India Company and the Burmese King. Under its terms, Burma ceded the territories of Assam, Manipur, and Arakan to the British, along with several other territorial adjustments. The treaty also opened up trade routes between British India and Burma, giving the British greater control over the region. The signing of the Yandaboo Treaty laid the foundation for British dominance in the northeast of India and marked the beginning of significant changes in the political and administrative landscape of Assam.
(f) Discuss briefly the importance of bamboo and cane craft in Assam.
Answer: Bamboo and cane craft holds significant cultural and economic importance in Assam. The state is rich in bamboo and cane resources, which are used by the local population to create a variety of traditional crafts. These crafts include baskets, mats, furniture, and decorative items, which are not only part of the local culture but also an important source of livelihood for rural communities. The craftsmanship is passed down through generations, with intricate weaving techniques that are highly valued for their quality and aesthetic appeal. Bamboo and cane crafts are also integral to the agricultural economy, as they are often used in farming tools, storage containers, and even in constructing homes. Additionally, the products made from bamboo and cane are in high demand both within India and internationally, contributing to the state's cottage industry and supporting sustainable livelihoods for many artisans.
(g) Explain the role of women in the freedom movement in Assam.
Answer: Women played a significant role in the freedom movement in Assam, contributing in various capacities to the fight for independence from British rule. Prominent women like Kamala Miri, Kanaklata Barua, and many others participated actively in protests, demonstrations, and civil disobedience campaigns. Assamese women were particularly involved in the Quit India Movement of 1942, where they organized strikes, boycotted foreign goods, and participated in the non-cooperation movement. They also played key roles in spreading nationalist ideas through the establishment of women's associations, schools, and literature. Women's participation in the freedom struggle not only highlighted their political activism but also led to greater social empowerment, as they took on leadership roles and fought for social justice in the context of colonial oppression.
(h) Give a brief description of the land policy of the Ahoms in Assam.
Answer: The Ahom rulers, who ruled Assam for over six centuries, developed a unique and progressive land policy that helped maintain a stable agrarian society. The land was primarily owned by the state, but the Ahoms adopted a system of land grants (known as 'patta') to cultivate land, particularly to peasants and settlers. The Ahom kings established a system called the "Bhuyan" or landholder system, where local communities and peasants were given rights to the land in exchange for a share of the produce or taxes. The Ahoms also implemented a system of land measurement, which helped in the efficient administration of land revenue. This policy ensured that agriculture flourished in Assam and that the majority of the population, which depended on farming, had a stake in the land. The policy was instrumental in stabilizing the economy and promoting the state's long-term growth.
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