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2023
SWADESH ADHYAYAN
(Theory)
Full Marks: 80
Pass Marks: 24
Time: Three Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.
Geography
PART-III
1. Choose the correct answers from the following (any six): (1×6 = 6)
(a) Which of the following districts of Assam is hilly?
(i) Cachar
(ii) Kamrup
(iii) Karbi Anglong
(iv) Jorhat
Answer: (iii) Karbi Anglong
(b) In which place of Assam was coal discovered first?
(i) Naharkatiya
(ii) Ledo
(iii) Margherita
(iv) Makum
Answer: (iii) Margherita
(c) As per the 2011 Census, the total population of Assam was:
(i) 3.12 crore
(ii) 3.5 crore
(iii) 5.4 crore
(iv) 1.2 lakh
Answer: (i) 3.12 crore
(d) Nameri National Park is located in which of the following regions?
(i) Nagaon
(ii) Sonitpur
(iii) Tinsukia
(iv) Arunachal Pradesh
Answer: (ii) Sonitpur
(e) In which part of North-East India is limestone found?
(i) Karbi Anglong
(ii) Mizoram
(iii) Barak Valley
(iv) Guwahati
Answer: (i) Karbi Anglong
(f) How many types of soils are there in Assam?
(i) 4
(ii) 5
(iii) 2
(iv) 3
Answer: (ii) 5
(g) ______ is the main tool of Geography. (Fill in the blank)
Answer: Map
2. Write short answers to the following questions (any four): (2×4 = 8)
(a) What is the difference between Biotic and Abiotic Resources?
Answer:
Biotic resources are obtained from living organisms like plants, animals, and humans.
Abiotic resources are non-living components like land, water, air, and minerals.
(b) Write two advantages of water transport.
Answer:
Water transport is cost-effective, especially for bulk goods.
It is an environment-friendly mode of transport with less air pollution.
(c) What are the different types of scales?
Answer:
Verbal Scale - Describes the scale in words (e.g., "1 cm = 1 km").
Representative Fraction Scale - Expresses the scale as a ratio (e.g., 1:1000).
Bar Scale - A visual representation of the scale.
(d) Write the names of two oil refineries of Assam.
Answer:
Numaligarh Refinery
Dibrugarh Refinery
(e) Give two reasons for the high population growth in Assam.
Answer:
Immigration from neighboring countries, particularly Bangladesh.
Improved healthcare and sanitation leading to a higher life expectancy.
(f) Mention two causes of water pollution.
Answer:
Industrial waste and chemical discharge into water bodies.
Agricultural runoff carrying pesticides and fertilizers into rivers.
3. Answer the following questions (any five): (4×5 = 20)
(a) Describe the influence of Monsoon winds in Assam.
Monsoon winds play a significant role in shaping the climate and agriculture of Assam. The state experiences two types of monsoon winds: the Southwest Monsoon and the Northeast Monsoon. The Southwest Monsoon, which begins in June, brings heavy rainfall to Assam. This rainfall is vital for the state's agriculture, especially for rice cultivation, as Assam is known for its rice fields. The monsoon also influences the river systems, with increased water flow in rivers like the Brahmaputra and its tributaries. However, the heavy rains often lead to floods, causing damage to crops, infrastructure, and sometimes loss of life. The Northeast Monsoon, which occurs in the post-monsoon period, is relatively weak and contributes less to the rainfall. Overall, the monsoon season is crucial for Assam’s economy, but it also brings challenges such as floods and landslides.
(b) Write a note on the conservation of biodiversity.
Biodiversity conservation refers to the protection and management of biodiversity, which includes the preservation of plant and animal species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity. It is essential for maintaining ecological balance and ensuring the survival of various species. Conservation can take place in several ways:
Protected Areas: Establishing national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves helps protect ecosystems and endangered species from human activities.
Wildlife Protection Laws: Enacting laws such as the Wildlife Protection Act in India, which prohibits hunting and the illegal trade of wildlife, helps conserve biodiversity.
Community Participation: Involving local communities in conservation efforts, through eco-tourism or sustainable farming practices, ensures the protection of natural resources while supporting local livelihoods.
Awareness and Education: Educating the public about the importance of biodiversity and the threats it faces is crucial for effective conservation.
Overall, conserving biodiversity is vital for the health of the planet and the survival of future generations.
(c) Explain the concept of sustainable development and its goals.
Sustainable development refers to the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It aims to balance economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. The concept emphasizes the importance of using natural resources responsibly to ensure they are available for future generations. The goals of sustainable development include:
Eradicating poverty: Ensuring that all people have access to basic needs such as food, clean water, and shelter.
Promoting economic growth: Encouraging growth that is environmentally responsible and benefits society as a whole.
Ensuring environmental protection: Minimizing harm to the environment through sustainable practices in agriculture, industry, and resource use.
Improving quality of life: Ensuring that every individual has access to healthcare, education, and a healthy environment.
The United Nations has set 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim to address issues like poverty, inequality, climate change, and peace.
(d) Explain the concept of remote sensing and its use in geographical studies.
Remote sensing is the process of collecting data about the Earth's surface without making physical contact. It involves using satellites, drones, or aircraft equipped with sensors to capture images or other forms of data about the Earth. These sensors can detect various characteristics such as temperature, moisture, vegetation, and land use. In geographical studies, remote sensing is extremely useful as it provides up-to-date and detailed information over large areas.
Uses of Remote Sensing in Geography:
Mapping and land use classification: Remote sensing helps in creating accurate maps of different land uses, such as urban areas, forests, or agricultural lands.
Environmental monitoring: It is used to monitor environmental changes like deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution.
Disaster management: Remote sensing data helps in assessing the impact of natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, and forest fires, allowing for better preparedness and response.
Climate and weather studies: Remote sensing provides vital data on temperature changes, rainfall patterns, and atmospheric conditions.
Overall, remote sensing is a powerful tool that aids in geographical research and decision-making for environmental management, planning, and conservation.
(e) Explain any five problems faced by the biodiversity of Assam.
Assam, known for its rich biodiversity, faces several challenges that threaten its flora and fauna. Some of the key problems are:
Habitat Loss: Deforestation due to agricultural expansion, urbanization, and infrastructure development has led to the destruction of habitats for many species. This results in the displacement of animals and the endangerment of plant species.
Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Poaching for animal skins, tusks, and other body parts is a major threat to wildlife, particularly in Assam’s protected areas such as Kaziranga National Park.
Pollution: Pollution from industrial waste, chemicals, and plastic affects water bodies, air quality, and soil health, thus impacting the survival of aquatic and terrestrial species.
Climate Change: Changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and seasonal shifts due to climate change are affecting the natural habitats, migration patterns, and breeding seasons of many species in Assam.
Invasive Species: The introduction of non-native species in Assam, such as water hyacinth in wetlands, competes with native plants and animals, disrupting local ecosystems and biodiversity.
(f) Give a brief description of the road transport system of Assam.
The road transport system in Assam is vital for connecting different parts of the state and promoting economic activities. Assam has an extensive network of roads, including national highways, state highways, and rural roads.
National Highways: National highways like NH 37 and NH 27 connect Assam to other parts of India, facilitating transportation of goods and passengers.
State Highways: These roads link different districts within Assam and play a key role in regional connectivity.
Rural Roads: Many rural areas in Assam are connected through village roads, which are crucial for transporting agricultural products and providing access to remote areas.
Public Transport: Assam has a strong public transport system, including buses operated by the Assam State Transport Corporation (ASTC) and private bus operators. These buses connect cities, towns, and villages across the state.
Challenges: Despite the extensive road network, Assam faces challenges like poor road conditions, frequent landslides during monsoons, and congestion in urban areas. The state government has taken measures to improve road infrastructure and ensure better connectivity.
(g) State five causes of low population density in the hilly districts of Assam.
The hilly districts of Assam, such as Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao, have a relatively low population density compared to other parts of the state. Some of the causes are:
Geographical Terrain: The hilly and mountainous terrain makes it difficult to build infrastructure and settlements, which leads to fewer people living in these areas.
Limited Agricultural Land: Hilly regions have less arable land due to steep slopes and rocky surfaces, making it challenging for agriculture, which is the primary livelihood in Assam.
Inadequate Transportation: Poor road connectivity and remoteness of these districts limit access to essential services and economic opportunities, making them less attractive for migration.
Lack of Employment Opportunities: The hilly districts lack industrialization and commercial centers, leading to limited job opportunities, which discourages migration to these areas.
Natural Disasters: These districts are prone to natural disasters like landslides, floods, and erosion, which can damage properties and make life difficult for residents.
(h) What is pollution? Explain the causes of various types of pollution.
Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment that cause adverse effects on living organisms and the ecosystem. It can occur in different forms, affecting air, water, and land.
Causes of Various Types of Pollution:
Air Pollution:
Industrial Emissions: Factories and power plants release harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides into the air.
Vehicle Emissions: Exhaust fumes from vehicles contribute to the release of particulate matter and toxic gases.
Burning of Fossil Fuels: The burning of coal, wood, and oil for energy and heating releases pollutants into the atmosphere.
Water Pollution:
Industrial Waste: Factories discharge chemicals, heavy metals, and waste into rivers and lakes.
Agricultural Runoff: The use of pesticides and fertilizers in farming can wash into water bodies, contaminating them with harmful chemicals.
Domestic Waste: Improper disposal of household waste, such as plastics and untreated sewage, pollutes water bodies.
Soil Pollution:
Use of Pesticides and Fertilizers: Overuse of chemicals in agriculture leads to soil contamination, harming plant growth and wildlife.
Industrial Waste Disposal: Improper disposal of industrial waste, including chemicals and metals, causes soil pollution.
Noise Pollution:
Urbanization: Increased traffic, construction, and industrial activities contribute to high levels of noise in urban areas.
Transportation: Loud vehicle engines and the constant movement of transportation systems contribute to noise pollution.
Plastic Pollution:
Single-Use Plastics: Overuse of plastic bags, bottles, and packaging materials results in large amounts of non-biodegradable waste in landfills, oceans, and rivers.
Pollution has serious impacts on health, biodiversity, and the environment. It requires concerted efforts for prevention and mitigation through awareness, regulations, and sustainable practices.
4. Answer the following:
(2+4 = 6)
(a) What do you understand by map projection? Classify map projections into different types. Explain with a diagram.
Ans: A map projection is a technique used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat plane. Since the Earth is a three-dimensional object and maps are two-dimensional, it is impossible to perfectly represent the surface without some form of distortion. Map projections aim to minimize these distortions, depending on the type and purpose of the map.
Types of Map Projections:
Cylindrical Projections:
In this type, the Earth's surface is projected onto a cylindrical surface. These projections are most accurate near the equator.Example: Mercator Projection.
Properties: It distorts the size of areas far from the equator but maintains accurate shapes and directions.
Conic Projections:
In this type, the Earth's surface is projected onto a cone. It is most suitable for mapping mid-latitude regions.Example: Albers Conic Projection.
Properties: Distortion increases as you move away from the standard parallel.
Azimuthal Projections:
In this type, the Earth's surface is projected onto a flat plane, typically at one of the poles.Example: Stereographic Projection.
Properties: Distortion increases as you move away from the center of the map.
Interrupted Projections:
These projections break the map into segments or "interruptions," which help minimize distortion across large areas.Example: Goode’s Homolosine Projection.
Properties: Reduces distortion in both shape and area by cutting the map into sections.
Planar Projections:
The Earth’s surface is projected onto a flat plane from a specific point, usually the center of the Earth or one of the poles.Example: Gnomonic Projection.
Properties: Distortion increases as you move away from the central point of projection.
(b) Discuss the Peasant Uprising in different parts of Assam under British rule.
Answer: During British rule in Assam, several peasant uprisings occurred due to exploitative economic policies, heavy taxation, and harsh land reforms. These uprisings were expressions of local resistance to colonial oppression and were spread across different regions of Assam.
The Rebellion of 1857 (The First War of Independence) in Assam:
While the Revolt of 1857 is often associated with the rest of India, Assam too witnessed local uprisings. The tribal people, especially in the Naga Hills, resisted British control due to forced labor and exploitative revenue systems. However, the rebellion in Assam was not as widespread or organized as in other parts of India.The Kachari Uprising (1861):
The Kachari tribe, located in the North Cachar Hills, revolted against the British due to unfair taxation and exploitation of their land and resources. This rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British.The Patharughat Uprising (1894):
One of the most significant uprisings in Assam occurred in Patharughat, near Barpeta. The peasant population was burdened with heavy taxes, and when the British demanded even more taxes, the peasants revolted. The rebellion was suppressed by the British forces, leading to the death of many peasants. This uprising is often seen as a response to economic hardships and excessive taxation imposed by the colonial government.The Sarania Uprising (1920s):
In the Sarania Hills, located in the Kamrup district, peasants fought against the British-imposed tax system and exploitation of land resources. The uprising reflected growing resistance to the British control and exploitation of local resources.The Tebhaga Movement (1946):
Although not exclusively in Assam, the Tebhaga Movement had a presence in the state. Peasants, especially in areas like Barpeta, demanded a fair share of crops from landlords, advocating that two-thirds of the produce should be retained by the peasants and only one-third given to the landlords. This movement was part of a larger agricultural protest for better rights for tenant farmers.
Conclusion:
The peasant uprisings in Assam during British rule were primarily driven by economic grievances and the heavy exploitation of local communities. These uprisings contributed to the growing resistance to British colonial rule in Assam and played a role in shaping the region's future political landscape. Despite the suppression of these movements, they left a lasting impact on the socio-political conditions in Assam.
History
PART-II
1. Choose the correct answers (any six): (1×6 = 6)
(a) In which year did the Sepoy Mutiny in India take place against the British?
(i) 1828
(ii) 1838
(iii) 1857
(iv) 1947
Answer: (iii) 1857
(b) What is the name of the first tea company in Assam?
(i) Maijan Tea Company
(ii) Jorhat Tea Company
(iii) Dibrugarh Tea Company
(iv) Assam Tea Company
Answer: (iv) Assam Tea Company
(c) From where was Arunodoi published?
(i) Guwahati
(ii) Sibsagar
(iii) Jorhat
(iv) Kolkata
Answer: (ii) Sibsagar
(d) What percentage of crude oil production in India is contributed by Assam?
(i) 27%
(ii) 32%
(iii) 17%
(iv) 34%
Answer: (iii) 17%
(e) Who discovered the tea plant in Assam?
(i) Robert Bruce
(ii) C. A. Bruce
(iii) David Scott
(iv) None of the above
Answer: (i) Robert Bruce
(f) Who is the author of the book Silent Spring?
(i) Rachel Carson
(ii) Arundhati Roy
(iii) Medha Patekar
(iv) Madhav Gadgil
Answer: (i) Rachel Carson
(g) Kutuha is a variety of:
(i) Silkworm
(ii) Bamboo
(iii) Ornament
(iv) Metal
Answer: (i) Silkworm
2. Write short answers to the following(any four) :(2×4 = 8)
(a) Write two places in Assam famous for the bell-metal industry.
Answer: Sarthebari and Nalbari.
(b) Mention two impacts of industrial development on the life and culture of Assam.
Answer:
The introduction of industries has led to a significant change in the traditional livelihoods of people, with many now employed in factories rather than agriculture.
It has also brought cultural changes, including the migration of workers from different parts of India, which has influenced the local culture and society.
(c) What are the two types of immigration?
Answer:
Internal immigration (migration within the country)
External immigration (migration across borders to other countries)
(d) Write two causes of the Anglo-Burma War.
Answer:
The British desire to control trade routes and expand their territorial influence.
Tensions arising from the Burmese expansion into areas that the British considered strategic, like Assam.
(e) Name two places from where tea workers came to Assam as laborers.
Answer:
Bengal
Odisha
3. Write briefly on the following (any five):
(4×5 = 20)
(a) Land policy of the Ahom administration:
The land policy of the Ahom administration was structured to support the agricultural economy, which was the backbone of their rule. The Ahoms implemented a unique system known as the "Burha-Gohain" system, where land was allotted to various sections of society, including peasants, nobility, and military personnel. Land was granted as a reward for services rendered, particularly to the military.
The Ahoms had an efficient revenue system that ensured a steady income for the state. Land revenue was collected mainly in the form of produce rather than cash. Additionally, they introduced the "Chaukidari" system, where landowners were responsible for maintaining law and order in their areas. The Ahom kings also promoted the settlement of people in different parts of Assam by offering them land for cultivation.
This system allowed the Ahoms to create a stable agrarian economy and maintain control over vast territories. The land policy also contributed to the flourishing of the economy and society under Ahom rule.
(b) Explain the role of women in the freedom movement in Assam:
Women in Assam played a crucial role in the Indian freedom movement, especially in raising awareness about nationalistic ideas and participating in various protests. One of the prominent movements in which women from Assam participated was the "Non-Cooperation Movement" led by Mahatma Gandhi. Women organized protests, boycotted foreign goods, and contributed to the success of the movement.
A notable example is the role of women in the "Assam Movement" of the early 20th century, where they actively participated in protests against the British colonial rule. Women from the rural and urban areas alike supported these movements and contributed in various capacities.
One such significant figure was Kanaklata Barua, who became a symbol of bravery and courage when she led a group of young women to unfurl the Indian flag during the Quit India Movement in 1942. She was martyred while trying to hoist the flag, making her an icon of Assamese women’s contribution to the national struggle for independence.
Through such efforts, Assamese women were able to break the confines of traditional gender roles and participate actively in the political landscape, paving the way for a stronger role in post-independence India.
(c) Chipko Movement:
The Chipko Movement, which began in the 1970s in India, was a non-violent protest aimed at protecting the environment, specifically the forests, from deforestation. The movement was initiated by local villagers in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh). The most notable aspect of the movement was the act of villagers, particularly women, hugging trees to prevent them from being felled by contractors.
The Chipko Movement was led by activists like Sunderlal Bahuguna and Chandi Prasad Bhatt, but it was the women of the region who truly made the movement famous. The most iconic image associated with Chipko is of women embracing trees and physically preventing the timber contractors from cutting them down. The movement helped raise awareness about the importance of forests and the need for sustainable development.
Chipko's success inspired other environmental movements in India, and it eventually played a crucial role in the establishment of forest conservation laws. It also drew attention to the role of women in environmental activism, demonstrating how local communities, especially women, could take the lead in protecting natural resources.
(d) Discuss the provisions of the Yandaboo Treaty and its results:
The Yandaboo Treaty was signed on February 24, 1826, between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Burma, bringing an end to the Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826). The treaty had significant provisions that reshaped the political map of the region.
The key provisions of the Yandaboo Treaty were:
Cession of Territories: Burma ceded the territories of Assam, Manipur, and Arakan (Rakhine) to the British. This significantly expanded British control in the northeastern part of India.
Indemnity Payment: Burma agreed to pay a large indemnity of 1 million pounds sterling to the British for the costs of the war.
Access to Trade Routes: The treaty allowed British merchants to access Burmese ports like Rangoon (now Yangon) and establish trading posts.
Prisoner Release: Burma was required to release British prisoners of war taken during the conflict.
The results of the Yandaboo Treaty were far-reaching:
British Control: The British East India Company expanded its territory, particularly in the northeastern region of India, and gained a stronger foothold in Southeast Asia.
Weakening of Burmese Power: The treaty marked the decline of Burmese influence in the region, and Burma became a subordinate state under British influence.
Strategic Importance: The incorporation of Assam into British India helped secure important trade routes and access to resources, like oil, tea, and timber, which were crucial for the British economy.
Cultural and Social Impact: The treaty led to increased British presence in Assam, which contributed to a shift in the region's political and social structures, eventually influencing the development of Assam under British rule.
In conclusion, the Yandaboo Treaty was a significant turning point in the history of Assam, marking its transition into British colonial control and shaping the future trajectory of the region.
(e) Explain the causes and pattern of Bangladeshi migration to Assam:
The migration of Bangladeshi nationals to Assam has been a significant issue since the partition of India in 1947. The primary causes of migration can be traced to political, economic, and social factors both in Bangladesh and Assam.
Political Instability and Wars: One of the primary causes of migration is the political instability in Bangladesh. The 1947 partition, followed by the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, created large refugee movements, with many crossing into Assam for shelter. The subsequent political turmoil and religious persecution in Bangladesh also pushed people to migrate.
Economic Conditions: Assam's economy, primarily agrarian, attracted migrant laborers due to its fertile land and growing tea plantations. Many of the Bangladeshi migrants came seeking better economic opportunities, including work in agriculture, construction, and domestic services.
Religious and Ethnic Persecution: The religious persecution and the marginalization of certain ethnic groups, including the Hindu minority in Bangladesh, led many to migrate to Assam in search of safety and religious freedom.
Natural Disasters: Flooding and other natural calamities in Bangladesh have forced people to leave their homes and seek refuge in neighboring areas, including Assam, which has seen periodic influxes of displaced people.
The migration pattern has largely been from the bordering areas of Bangladesh, particularly from regions like Sylhet, Mymensingh, and Barisal, into the districts of Assam like Dhubri, Goalpara, and Cachar. These areas have historically seen higher numbers of Bangladeshi migrants due to their proximity to the international border.
This migration, especially the illegal influx, has led to demographic changes in Assam, raising concerns about the impact on local resources, economy, and the socio-political landscape. The issue of Bangladeshi migration continues to be a contentious topic in Assam's politics and social discourse.
(f) Non-Cooperation Movement:
The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase of the Indian freedom struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi, which began in 1920. It was a peaceful and non-violent protest against British rule and was based on the principle of non-violence (ahimsa). The movement sought to peacefully challenge British authority and make India self-reliant by boycotting British goods and institutions.
The major causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement included:
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The massacre of hundreds of Indians by British troops in 1919 in Amritsar sparked outrage and led to a desire for stronger action against British rule.
Khilafat Movement: The Khalifate issue, in which the British had humiliated the Ottoman Empire (the Caliph of Islam), created resentment among Indian Muslims, and Gandhi saw this as an opportunity for Hindu-Muslim unity.
Failure of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms: The British reforms of 1919 did not meet the expectations of the Indian masses, and there was widespread disillusionment with British policies.
The movement had several features:
Boycott of British goods: Indians were urged to boycott British goods and services, including education and legal practices. The boycott also extended to British-run institutions like schools, courts, and legislative assemblies.
Resignation from government services: Indian officials and leaders resigned from government positions to protest British rule.
Promotion of Swadeshi goods: Gandhi promoted the use of Indian-made products, and the spinning of khadi became a symbol of self-reliance.
Non-violent protest: The movement was based on the principle of non-violence, and it focused on peaceful methods like picketing, demonstrations, and strikes.
However, the movement was called off by Gandhi in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident, where a mob of protesters killed several policemen. The movement showed the potential of mass mobilization and non-violent resistance, but it also highlighted the need for careful planning and discipline in a struggle for independence.
(g) Methods of gold washing:
Gold washing, also known as panning or gold prospecting, is a traditional method used to extract gold from alluvial deposits in river beds, streams, or other areas where gold particles have settled over time. The main methods used for gold washing are:
Panning: This is the most common and simplest method of gold washing. It involves the use of a shallow pan in which sediment is placed. The pan is then submerged in water, and the pan is tilted to wash away the lighter sediment, leaving behind heavier gold particles. This method is widely used by small-scale prospectors and can be done with minimal tools.
Sluicing: This method involves the use of a long, narrow trough, called a sluice box, which is placed in a flowing stream or river. Water flows through the sluice, and gold-bearing sediments are fed into the box. The sluice has riffles (small barriers) on the bottom that trap gold particles as the lighter material is washed away. This method is more efficient than panning and is used in larger operations.
Dredging: In this method, a dredge (a large machine) is used to excavate sediment from the bottom of a river or stream. The dredge is equipped with a suction pipe or shovel that pulls material from the riverbed, which is then washed and processed for gold. This method is more mechanized and is used in commercial gold mining operations.
Sluice Box with Hydraulic Mining: This technique involves using high-pressure water jets to dislodge gold-bearing gravel and sand from riverbanks or streambeds. The dislodged material is then washed through a sluice box to separate the gold. This method has been widely used in California and Alaska during gold rush periods.
These methods vary in complexity and scale, from small hand-panning to large-scale industrial dredging. The choice of method often depends on the size of the gold deposit and the resources available to the prospector or mining company.
(h) Write a note on the Tribal Belt and Block:
The Tribal Belt and Block is a region in Assam that was specially demarcated for the settlement and protection of indigenous tribal populations. It covers several districts, and its primary purpose was to ensure that the tribal communities had access to land and could live in their natural environment without external pressures.
Origins and Purpose: The concept of the Tribal Belt and Block was introduced by the British colonial administration in the early 20th century. The goal was to prevent the encroachment of non-tribal populations into tribal areas and preserve the land and culture of the indigenous people. The British feared that the influx of non-tribal settlers would disturb the social fabric and economy of the indigenous tribes.
Geographical Extent: The Tribal Belt and Block comprises parts of districts such as Kokrajhar, Baksa, Barpeta, Chirang, and Dhubri in Assam. It is situated along the international border with Bhutan and Bangladesh and serves as a buffer zone to safeguard the interests of indigenous tribal communities.
Tribal Protection: The Tribal Belt and Block was designed to protect the land rights of indigenous groups, including the Bodos, Rabhas, and other ethnic communities. It was a way of ensuring that they would not be displaced by external forces, including settlers from neighboring regions.
Contemporary Issues: Over time, the demographic composition of the Tribal Belt and Block has changed due to migration and land encroachment. This has created tensions between the indigenous populations and non-tribal settlers. Conflicts over land ownership, rights, and resources have been a source of political unrest in Assam.
In conclusion, the Tribal Belt and Block is an important historical and political feature of Assam, reflecting the state's efforts to protect its indigenous tribes from external threats and to maintain their cultural and economic autonomy.
4. Answer the following:
(2+4 = 6)
(a) What do you understand by environmental degradation? Explain the causes of environmental degradation in Assam and suggest remedial measures.
Answer:Environmental Degradation refers to the deterioration or destruction of the natural environment, particularly the quality of land, air, and water, due to human activity or natural processes. It results in the depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of ecosystems. Environmental degradation affects the balance of nature, leading to adverse effects on health, economic development, and quality of life.
Causes of Environmental Degradation in Assam:
Deforestation: Assam has witnessed significant deforestation over the years due to the expansion of agriculture, urbanization, and timber extraction. The clearing of forests for tea plantations and construction of roads and infrastructure has led to soil erosion, loss of habitat for wildlife, and reduction in the region's biodiversity.
Pollution: Assam faces severe air and water pollution, primarily from industrial activities, vehicular emissions, and the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents into rivers and other water bodies. The Brahmaputra River, one of the major water sources in the state, is increasingly becoming polluted due to waste disposal and chemical contamination.
Flooding and Erosion: Assam is prone to floods, especially during the monsoon season. The rising frequency of floods, coupled with deforestation, improper land use, and soil erosion, exacerbates environmental degradation. Flooding leads to the destruction of agricultural land and the displacement of communities.
Mining Activities: The extraction of minerals, including coal and oil, in Assam has contributed to environmental degradation. Mining activities result in land degradation, water pollution, and deforestation. The impact on local ecosystems, especially wildlife, is severe due to the disruption of habitats.
Climate Change: Assam is experiencing the adverse effects of climate change, including erratic rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, and the occurrence of natural disasters like floods and droughts. These changes further strain the state's environmental balance and worsen degradation.
Remedial Measures to Combat Environmental Degradation in Assam:
Afforestation and Reforestation: Efforts must be made to reverse deforestation by planting trees and restoring damaged forests. Community-based forest management and conservation programs can promote sustainable forest practices.
Pollution Control: Strict regulations should be enforced on industrial effluent discharge and air pollution. Promoting the use of cleaner technologies, proper waste management, and improving sewage treatment plants are vital steps to mitigate pollution.
Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Encouraging organic farming, crop rotation, and the reduction of chemical pesticide use can reduce the impact of agriculture on the environment. Training farmers in sustainable techniques can help preserve soil fertility and reduce environmental harm.
Strengthening Disaster Preparedness: Improving flood control measures, such as the construction of embankments and proper water drainage systems, can reduce the impact of floods. Also, disaster management programs can be initiated to help communities cope with the effects of climate change.
Awareness and Education: Educating the local population about the importance of environmental conservation and the long-term benefits of maintaining ecological balance can lead to more responsible behavior toward nature.
In conclusion, environmental degradation in Assam is primarily driven by human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and unsustainable agricultural practices. However, with the implementation of remedial measures like afforestation, pollution control, sustainable agricultural practices, and public awareness campaigns, the state can work toward restoring its environmental health.
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(b) Discuss the Peasant Uprising in different parts of Assam under British rule.
Answer: Peasant Uprisings in Assam during British Rule were a response to the oppressive policies, high taxes, and economic exploitation faced by the rural population under colonial administration. The British colonial system often imposed harsh revenue policies and alienated the peasants from their land. As a result, several uprisings and revolts took place in Assam during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Key Peasant Uprisings in Assam:
The Patharughat Uprising (1894): One of the most prominent peasant uprisings in Assam occurred in Patharughat (in present-day Darrang district) in 1894. The immediate cause of this uprising was the exorbitant increase in land revenue imposed by the British. The peasants, who were already struggling with low agricultural productivity, could not bear the high taxes. The protest was sparked when the British government sent soldiers to collect the revenue, and the peasants, led by their leaders, clashed with the British forces. The uprising was brutally suppressed, and many peasants were killed or injured. This event is considered a precursor to larger movements of resistance against British colonial rule in Assam.
The Phulaguri Uprising (1861): In 1861, the peasants of Phulaguri (in the Nagaon district) rose against the British administration. The main reasons for the revolt were the imposition of the Ryotwari system and high taxes. The Ryotwari system, which involved the direct collection of land taxes from individual peasants, was oppressive and created hardship for the farmers. The peasants of Phulaguri protested against these taxes and were met with severe repression. The uprising was among the first major peasant revolts in Assam.
The Kuki Uprising (1917-1919): The Kuki people, who lived in the hilly regions of Assam, rose up against the British administration due to the economic hardships caused by the government's policies. The British had forced the Kukis to pay taxes on the lands they had traditionally cultivated. The introduction of forced labor and the exploitation of natural resources led to widespread discontent. The uprising was a response to the government's efforts to control the Kuki tribes and exploit their lands. Though it was eventually quelled by the British forces, it was a significant expression of resistance by the tribal communities in Assam.
The Tea Garden Workers' Strikes: The working conditions in the tea gardens of Assam were harsh, with workers being subjected to long hours of labor, low wages, and poor living conditions. This led to a series of strikes and uprisings by the tea garden workers. These workers, mostly brought in from Bihar and Bengal, started organizing under leaders like Lakhminath Bezbaroa and others to demand better wages, improved working conditions, and the end of exploitation. These movements were significant in raising awareness about the plight of the workers in Assam's tea industry.
Causes of Peasant Uprisings:
High Taxation: The imposition of high land revenue and taxes on agricultural produce created severe hardship for the peasants. The British revenue policies were designed to extract as much wealth as possible from the rural population, which led to widespread unrest.
Exploitation by Landlords: The zamindari system often led to exploitation by landlords, who demanded exorbitant rents from the peasants, leading to impoverishment and discontent among the rural population.
Introduction of the Ryotwari System: This system, implemented in many parts of Assam, meant that the peasants had to pay taxes directly to the British government, bypassing traditional institutions of local governance. The burden of the taxes was too high for many farmers to bear.
Dispossession of Land: Many peasants were dispossessed of their lands by the colonial administration, either through unfair land policies or due to the encroachment of tea plantations, logging, and other commercial activities. This led to widespread frustration and resistance.
Cultural and Social Alienation: The British policies often alienated the local communities, especially the tribal populations, from their ancestral lands and customs. These social and cultural disruptions contributed to the uprisings.
Results and Significance of the Uprisings:
While these uprisings were eventually suppressed by the British forces, they played a significant role in awakening the peasants and tribal populations to the exploitative nature of British rule.
These revolts also contributed to the growth of political consciousness and resistance movements in Assam, setting the stage for later struggles against colonial rule.
The uprisings highlighted the need for social reform and changes in agricultural policies. They became a symbol of peasant resistance and inspired future movements for economic and political change.
In conclusion, the peasant uprisings in Assam under British rule were fueled by a combination of economic exploitation, oppressive policies, and social discontent. Despite being suppressed, these revolts played an important role in the broader context of India's struggle for independence and the fight against colonial exploitation.
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